A relationship between software coverage metrics and reliability

Software engineers have tacitly assumed that there exists a link between coverage and reliability. An argument is presented which leads to an inverse logarithmic relationship which depends upon the structure of the software and on a parameter called the strength of the coverage metric. The relationship is developed by considering reliability as a function of an idealized coverage metric and then interpreting the result for a range of actual coverage metrics.     

UPVC异型材挤出口模流道设计技巧

本文基于大量工程实践，浅析了UPVC异型材挤出口模定型段、压缩段、分流段和发散段流道设计技巧。     

木质素碳量子点在防伪包装中的应用研究

目的 探索木质素碳量子点(CQDs)荧光油墨及其书写式标签、CQDs/聚乙烯醇(PVA)复合荧光薄膜在防伪包装中的应用潜力。方法 以木质素为碳源,采用一锅水热法得到未掺杂碳量子点O-CQDs和硫掺杂碳量子点S-CQDs,并以此为荧光填料,以乙醇、乙二醇和丙三醇的混合液为溶剂,制备荧光油墨及其书写式荧光标签和CQDs/PVA复合荧光薄膜,探索其荧光防伪性能。结果 硫掺杂木质素碳量子点油墨MS-CQDs及其书写标签、PVA复合薄膜在可见光下均无色,在365 nm紫外光照下则呈现强烈的淡蓝色荧光。结论 MS-CQDs书写式称量纸荧光标签及其与PVA的复合薄膜均具有良好的荧光性能,在荧光防伪领域具有良好的应用潜力。     

Functional Properties of Gelatin/Polyvinyl Alcohol Films Containing Black Cumin Cake Extract and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Produced via Casting Technique

This study aimed to develop and characterize gelatin/polyvinyl alcohol (G/PVA) films loaded with black cumin cake extract (BCCE) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs). The BCCE was also applied for the green synthesis of ZnONPs with an average size of less than 100 nm. The active films were produced by a solvent-casting technique, and their physicochemical and antibacterial properties were investigated. Supplementation of G/PVA film in ZnONPs decreased the tensile strength (TS) from 2.97 MPa to 1.69 MPa. The addition of BCCE and ZnONPs increased the elongation at the break (EAB) of the enriched film by about 3%. The G/PVA/BCCE/ZnONPs film revealed the lowest water vapor permeability (WVP = 1.14 × 10⁻⁹ g·mm·Pa⁻¹·h⁻¹·mm⁻²) and the highest opacity (3.41 mm⁻¹). The QUick, Easy, New, CHEap and Reproducible (QUENCHER) methodologies using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) were applied to measure antioxidant capacity (AC) of the prepared films. The incorporation of BCCE and ZnONPs into G/PVA films enhanced the AC by 8–144%. The films containing ZnONPs and a mixture of BCCE and ZnONPs inhibited the growth of three Gram-positive bacterial strains. These nanocomposite films with desired functional properties can be recommended to inhibit microbial spoilage and oxidative rancidity of packaged food.     

Experimentelle Validierung von Bemessungsregeln für Stahltrapezprofile mit Öffnungen

Experimental validation of design rules for trapezoidal profiles with openings. Structural design and detailing of trapezoidal steel sheets in Germany currently follows the rules provided by the still valid National Standard DIN 18807‐3 (1987). This Standard is based on the old design concept using one global safety factor and contains references to outdated codes which had been long since withdrawn. Within the framework of transition of design rules from DIN 18807‐3 to the European Standard EN 1090‐4 available provisions for openings in trapezoidal profiles, which exist since 30 years, were brought into question. The investigations regarding background information on these rules revealed a number of open questions concerning their application in practice as well as the mechanical performance of the cover plates. The basic concept for consideration of openings consists of the application of increased loads and verification using the complete cross‐section of trapezoidal profiles. On the one head, several details regarding the application of this method are, however, not clearly specified leaving space for interpretations which may lead to non‐economic results in case of over‐conservative interpretation. On the other hand, non‐safe results may be obtained if neglecting the increased loads while relying on the (non‐existing) strengthening effect of the cover plates.     

用于束流输运计算的TRANSPORT-EM程序

一、TRANSPORT程序的功能及其局限性TRANSPORT程序是一个采用一、二阶传输矩阵和束矩阵计算粒子运动轨迹和束包络的计算程序。所计算的系统包括漂移空间、两极磁铁、四极磁铁、六极磁铁、螺线管、行波加速段等。该程序能够处理束心位移、元件不准直和绕光轴旋转公差等问题。并且,能够自动进行系统优化设计,自动调整元件的参数以满足对系统在聚焦成象和象差修正方面的要求。     

Hydroxyl Group Separation Distances in Anti-Freeze Compounds and Their Effects on Ice Nucleation

Since the discovery of biological antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs), which can inhibit ice nucleation, there has been considerable interest in understanding their mechanisms and mimicking them in synthetic polymers. In this study, we used molecular dynamics simulations of modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) compounds to show that the hydroxyl (OH) group distance is a key factor in whether certain compounds promote or inhibit ice nucleation. A hydroxyl distance smaller than ~2.8 Å but greater than ~7.1 Å in modified PVA (MPVA) compounds was associated with the promotion of ice nucleation, while a hydroxyl group separation distance of approximately ~5.0 Å was correlated with a delay in ice nucleation, owing to changes in the energy of the system. Thus, these results may help explain some of the mechanisms of current known anti-freeze compounds and may have implications for designing new anti-freeze compounds in the future.     

涡旋型线对涡旋压缩机性能的影响

构成涡旋压缩机涡旋齿的型线有很多种,不同型线的类型以及几何参数直接影响着涡旋压缩机的性能和结构尺寸。在现有涡旋型线几何理论的基础上,对圆、线段和正四边形渐开线以及变径基圆渐开线和组合型线的几何特性进行了详细的探讨,采用控制变量的方法,对比分析了不同涡旋型线几何参数和结构参数之间的相互关系;计算分析了圆渐开线和组合型线构成的动涡旋盘所受的气体力,计算结果表明组合型线动涡旋盘上所受的气体力波动较大,研究得到的结果为涡旋压缩机的设计提供了一定的理论基础和应用参考。     

Possible Implications of Bacteriospermia on the Sperm Quality,Oxidative Characteristics,and Seminal Cytokine Network in Normozoospermic Men

This study focused on the identification of bacterial profiles of semen in normozoospermic men and their possible involvement in changes to the sperm structural integrity and functional activity. Furthermore, we studied possible fluctuations of selected cytokines, oxidative markers, and antibacterial proteins as a result of bacterial presence in the ejaculate. Sperm motility was assessed with computer-assisted sperm analysis, while sperm apoptosis, necrosis and acrosome integrity were examined with fluorescent methods. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was quantified via luminometry, sperm DNA fragmentation was evaluated using the TUNEL protocol and chromatin-dispersion test, while the JC-1 assay was applied to evaluate the mitochondrial membrane potential. Cytokine levels were quantified with the biochip assay, whilst selected antibacterial proteins were quantified using the ELISA method. The predominant species identified by the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry were Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus capitis and Micrococcus luteus. The results revealed that the sperm quality decreased proportionally to the increasing bacterial load and occurrence of conditionally pathogenic bacteria, including Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed a substantial resistance of randomly selected bacterial strains to ampicillin, vancomycin, tobramycin, and tetracycline. Furthermore, an increased bacterial quantity in semen was accompanied by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha as well as ROS overproduction and lipid peroxidation of the sperm membranes. Our results suggest that semen quality may be notably affected by the bacterial quantity as well as quality. It seems that bacteriospermia may be associated with inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, sperm structural deterioration, and a subsequent risk for the development of subfertility, even in normozoospermic males.     

OsHsfB4b Confers Enhanced Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis and Rice

Heat shock factors (Hsfs) play pivotal roles in plant stress responses and confer stress tolerance. However, the functions of several Hsfs in rice (Oryza sativa L.) are not yet known. In this study, genome-wide analysis of the Hsf gene family in rice was performed. A total of 25 OsHsf genes were identified, which could be clearly clustered into three major groups, A, B, and C, based on the characteristics of the sequences. Bioinformatics analysis showed that tandem duplication and fragment replication were two important driving forces in the process of evolution and expansion of the OsHsf family genes. Both OsHsfB4b and OsHsfB4d showed strong responses to the stress treatment. The results of subcellular localization showed that the OsHsfB4b protein was in the nucleus whereas the OsHsfB4d protein was located in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Over-expression of the OsHsfB4b gene in Arabidopsis and rice can increase the resistance to drought stress. This study provides a basis for understanding the function and evolutionary history of the OsHsf gene family, enriching our knowledge of understanding the biological functions of OsHsfB4b and OsHsfB4d genes involved in the stress response in rice, and also reveals the potential value of OsHsfB4b in rice environmental adaptation improvement.