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Acid rain is an important consequence of pollutants generated by modern industrial societies and is known to cause damage to ecological systems, construction materials and cultural artifacts. The assessment of the damage caused to paint films has included laboratory, exposure chamber, and exterior weathering experiments. This study uses visual assessment of paints applied directly to southern yellow pine and exposed at 30° south to either natural acid rain or deionized water spray sites in North Carolina and Ohio to determine damage by acid rain. An acrylic latex paint with a pigment volume concentration (PVC) of 52 and a volume solids (VS) of 35% was formulated with calcium carbonate or sodium potassium alumino-silicate extenders. This high PVC paint formulation is one known to stress the binding capacity of the latex and thus produce early grain cracking failures over bare wood. Major effects observed include severe yellowing and increased mildewing of the carbonate containing paints exposed to acid rain. While acid rain can damage exterior paints, much of the damage can be minimized by careful selection of the polymers and pigments used in the formulation. 相似文献
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以歧化松香为主要原料,在较低的温度(75~95℃)下,溶入KOH水溶液,并进行皂化反应,制备固体份质量分数45%的歧化松香钾皂。研究了反应温度、皂化时间、pH值、添加复合助剂TX-A对反应速度、去氢枞酸钾含量,以及黏度、结晶、胶凝等产品性能的影响。得出歧化松香钾皂化的较佳制备条件为:pH值为10.36,皂化时间分别为120 min(未加TX-A)、98 min(加TX-A),反应温度85℃,TX-A加入量为反应物质量的0.2%。制备出的歧化松香钾皂产品,在性能上完全符合行业标准ZBB 72003-84的要求,并且结晶、胶凝性质有所改善,加纳色号标准降低两个等级。 相似文献
86.
Regions consisting of grains of pronounced cubic develpment exist in pure KNbO3 ceramics which exhibit a temperature dependence of dielectric constant very similar to that of KNbO3 crystals. KNbO3 ceramics doped with GeO2 -K2 O additives have small grains, semiconducting resistance, and a different curve of dielectric constant versus temperature. As the average grain size decreases, the shape of the curve differs increasingly from that of KNbO3 crystals. 相似文献
87.
Conventional gasification processes use coal not only as feedstock to be gasified but also for supply of energy for reaction heat, steam production, and other purposes. With a nuclear high temperature reactor (HTR) as a source for process heat, it is possible to transform the whole of the coal feed into gas. This concept offers advantages over existing gasification processes: saving of coal, as more gas can be produced from coal; less emission of pollutants, as the HTR is used for the production of steam and electricity instead of a coal-fired boiler; and a lower production cost for the gas. However, the process has the disadvantage that the temperature is limited to the outlet temperature (950 °C max) of the helium cooling gas of the HTR. Therefore the possibility of catalytic steam gasification was examined. Model calculations based on experimental results show that use of 3–4 wt% relative to coal of K2CO3 catalyst increases the throughput of a large scale nuclear gasification plant by ≈65%, while gas production costs decrease by ≈15%. Corrosion by catalysts is not significant at low concentration (< 5 wt%) and low temperature (< 900 °C). 相似文献
88.
在硝酸铵和氯化钾复分解反应制硝酸钾和氯化铵多温相图中,由于氯化铵的结晶区随温度变化而变化不大,导致欲获得较纯的氯化铵与硝酸钾十分困难。本实验通过加入大量与本盐互体系无关的酸、碱、盐,或有机物质,使上述反应的共饱和曲线发生较大漂移,使氯化铵的结晶区随温度化而变化明显增大,结晶曲线增长,从而在相同条件下,能顺利地分离出较纯的氯化铵与硝酸钾粗品。硝酸钾粗品经过重结晶一次可达到或超过GB/T1918—1998标准的优级品。 相似文献
89.
A.H Moreira A.V BenedettiP.T.A Sumodjo J.A GarridoP.L Cabot 《Electrochimica acta》2002,47(17):2823-2831
The electrochemical corrosion and passivation of Al5Zn1.7Mg0.23Cu0.053Nb alloys, submitted to different heat treatments (cold-rolled, annealed, quenched and aged, and quenched in two steps and aged), in sulphate-containing chloride solutions, has been studied by means of cyclic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The cyclic polarization curves showed that sulphate addition to the chloride solution produced a poor reproducible shift of the breakdown potential to more positive potentials. The repassivation potentials, much more reproducible, and practically separating the passive from the pitting potential region, were slightly displaced in the negative direction with that addition. When the alloys were potentiodynamically polarized in the passive potential region, sulphate was incorporated in the oxide film, thus precluding chloride ingress. In addition, Zn depletion was favoured, whereas Mg losses were avoided. Different equivalent circuits corresponding to different alloys and potentials in the passive and pitting regions were employed to account for the electrochemical processes taking place in each condition. This work shows that sulphate makes these alloys more sensitive to corrosion, increasing the fracture properties of the surface layer and favouring the pitting attack over greater areas than chloride alone. 相似文献
90.
聚合硫酸铝和聚丙烯酰胺复合絮凝剂的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
有机-无机复合絮凝剂是一类新型高效絮凝剂,人们在这个领域中的研究正在不断的深入和加强,复合絮凝剂兼有机和无机絮凝剂的优点。以无机高分子絮凝剂聚合硫酸铝(PAS)与有机高分子絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)复配组成有机-无机复合絮凝剂,深入研究了有机-无机复合絮凝剂与PAS、PAM单一组分作用时絮凝效果的变化情况。 相似文献