Calmodulin Supports TRPA1 Channel Association with Opioid Receptors and Glutamate NMDA Receptors in the Nervous Tissue

Transient receptor potential ankyrin member 1 (TRPA1) belongs to the family of thermo TRP cation channels that detect harmful temperatures, acids and numerous chemical pollutants. TRPA1 is expressed in nervous tissue, where it participates in the genesis of nociceptive signals in response to noxious stimuli and mediates mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia associated with different neuropathies. The glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), which plays a relevant role in allodynia to mechanical stimuli, is connected via histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1) and type 1 sigma receptor (σ1R) to mu-opioid receptors (MORs), which mediate the most potent pain relief. Notably, neuropathic pain causes a reduction in MOR antinociceptive efficacy, which can be reversed by blocking spinal NMDARs and TRPA1 channels. Thus, we studied whether TRPA1 channels form complexes with MORs and NMDARs that may be implicated in the aforementioned nociceptive signals. Our data suggest that TRPA1 channels functionally associate with MORs, delta opioid receptors and NMDARs in the dorsal root ganglia, the spinal cord and brain areas. These associations were altered in response to pharmacological interventions and the induction of inflammatory and also neuropathic pain. The MOR-TRPA1 and NMDAR-TRPA1 associations do not require HINT1 or σ1R but appear to be mediated by calcium-activated calmodulin. Thus, TRPA1 channels may associate with NMDARs to promote ascending acute and chronic pain signals and to control MOR antinociception.     

Effect of steel microfibers on corrosion of steel reinforcing bars

Steel microfiber reinforcement was previously found to be successful in mitigating alkali silica reaction in concrete, an expansive phenomenon. The use of steel microfibers to mitigate rebar corrosion, another expansive reaction, was investigated. Mortar specimens with and without steel microfiber reinforcement were exposed to a corrosive environment. All specimens were prepared with water/cement ratios of both 0.40 and 0.55, cured for 28 days, and then submerged in aerated 3.5% NaCl solution. The corrosion behavior of the specimens was monitored via electrochemical measurements. Three types of electrochemical tests were performed: corrosion potential measurements, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Chloride concentration measurements and microscopic analysis were performed as well. The polarization curves, Tafel, and polarization resistance measurements indicate that the steel rebar in the microfiber-reinforced mortars are more resistant to corrosion than the rebar in the control mortars, despite higher chloride concentrations. Furthermore, the steel microfiber-reinforced cement based materials have a lower electrolytic resistance. This is not indicative of a higher corrosion rate, which would be the case if it had been observed in standard mortar specimens.     

Electrosteric stabilization of concentrated cement suspensions imparted by a strong anionic polyelectrolyte and a non-ionic polymer

Strong polyelectrolytes, known as superplasticizers, improve the initial fluidity of concentrated cement suspensions through electrostatic stabilization. These polyelectrolytes do not maintain the initial fluidity, however, primarily due to an increase in the ionic strength of the cementitious suspension. Consequently, non-ionic polymers are often used in conjunction with polyelectrolytes to provide steric stabilization and hence to sustain the desired fluidity over a longer time, and this has lead to the development of copolymers with both electrostatic and steric (electrosteric) functionalities. To design such polymers, it is necessary to optimize the balance between electrostatic and steric stabilization to maximize suspension fluidity. We have quantified the effects of a strong anionic polyelectrolyte, melamine formaldehyde sulfonate (MFS), and a non-ionic polymer, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), on the zeta potential of cement particles and the steady shear and low-amplitude rheological properties of concentrated cement suspensions. While the adsorption of MFS onto the cement particle surfaces leads to a sign inversion in the zeta potential, the adsorption of the non-ionic HPMC has no significant effect on the potential. The addition of HPMC to the suspensions substantially reduces the steady shear viscosity and the storage modulus at constant MFS concentration; in addition, there exists an intermediate HPMC concentration that minimizes fluidity. The resulting suspension fluidity is also maintained over a longer time than in the absence of HPMC. This improvement in the stability and fluidity of cement suspensions is attributed to “complementary electrosteric dispersion/stabilization”, and provides insight to the design of polymers with electrosteric functionality.     

外加电流阴极保护在海水冷却槽中的应用

论述了金属的电化学腐蚀和外加电流阴极保护原理。说明对以海水为介质的冷却、冷凝设备,采用外加电流阴极保护是防止设备腐蚀的有效方法。举例说明了应用效果。     

多类型分类器融合的文本分类方法研究

传统的文本分类方法大多数使用单一的分类器,而不同的分类器对分类任务的侧重点不同,就使得单一的分类方法有一定的局限性,同时每个特征提取方法对特征词的考虑角度不同。针对以上问题,提出了多类型分类器融合的文本分类方法。该模型使用了word2vec、主成分分析、潜在语义索引以及TFIDF特征提取方法作为多类型分类器融合的特征提取方法。并在多类型分类器加权投票方法中忽略了类别信息的问题,提出了类别加权的分类器权重计算方法。通过实验结果表明,多类型分类器融合方法在二元语料库、多元语料库以及特定语料库上都取得了很好的性能,类别加权的分类器权重计算方法比多类型分类器融合方法在分类性能方面提高了1.19%。     

南水北调中线总干渠水质变化趋势及污染源分析

为了解和掌握南水北调中线总干渠水质状况,依据总干渠26个常规水质断面监测数据,分析了总干渠沿程水质变化趋势。结果表明,主要污染指标(CODMn、氨氮、总氮和总磷)呈现出沿程增加趋势。根据影响总干渠水质的潜在影响因素,分析了7类污染源(直接水污染、大气粉尘沉降、桥面雨水污染、底泥污染、周边垃圾场淋溶液污染、雨洪污染、受污染地下水)及其可能对干渠水质产生的影响程度,并针对不同污染源提出了防控对策,供管理部门决策参考。     

影响氟改性硅丙乳液聚合及其聚合物膜表面特性的因素

采用种子乳液聚合方法制备了阴、阳离子型氟改性硅丙乳液,用红外光谱对聚合物进行了表征,考察了聚合温度、氟改性单体和种子乳液的用量、乳化剂用量和pH值等因素对转化率和聚合物膜与水之间接触角的影响。结果表明,该聚合物中含有聚硅氧烷链段和CF2基团;聚合温度对转化率的影响较显著;在阳离子乳化体系中,当聚硅氧烷种子乳液、含氟丙烯酸酯单体和乳化剂的用量分别为10%、10%和1.1%时,转化率可以达到90%左右,接触角达到104°以上;随着体系pH值的逐渐增大,阳离子型氟改性硅丙乳液的Zeta电位明显降低,但阴离子型乳液的Zeta电位变化较小。     

基于适宜性的西安市水源热泵开发潜力评估

依据适宜性评价,综合考虑水质、回灌率、已运行情况以及环境条件对水源热泵开发的影响,对西安市水源热泵开发利用潜力进行评估。结果表明:西安市适宜性面积占研究区总面积31.52%;将西安市水源热泵开发潜力划分为5类潜力类型区:Ⅰ、Ⅱ类潜力区主要分布于西安市北部,以平原为主,为开发潜力优、良区;Ⅲ类潜力区主要分布于临潼中部、阎良东部、长安南部、户县和周至南部等地,为适度开发潜力区;Ⅳ类潜力区主要分布于蓝田西南、临潼南部以及长安丘陵区,为不宜开发潜力区;Ⅴ类地区为秦岭山地和禁采区,应限制水源热泵的开发利用。研究可确定西安市不同地域的水源热泵开发利用潜力,研究结果可为编制西安市水源热泵开发规划提供参考。     

电子纸技术及其研究现状与展望

就电子纸显示的基本原理和技术特征及其研究进展几个方面做了综合评述 ,并展望了电子纸在未来显示技术和设备中的应用前景。     

宁波市蛇蟠岛应急水源地建设与环境效应

在评价宁波市蛇蟠岛淡水资源量的基础上,估算其应急供水规模。通过构建地下水数值模型,预测在应急开采条件下地下水位恢复能力,并对应急开采产生的地下水降落漏斗、地面沉降和咸水入侵等环境效应进行了评价。结果表明,蛇蟠岛地下淡水具有应急水源地建设可行性,为该地区进一步勘查应急水源地提供了依据。