蛋白质及果蔬汁等益生菌增菌物质研究进展

综述了蛋白质及其水解物、果蔬汁等益生菌增菌物质的研究进展，这对如何提高益生菌功能性食品中益生菌的数量有一定的指导意义。     

益生菌及其在食品中应用进展

益生菌能够促进人体健康，在食品工业中有广泛的应用。该文综述了益生菌的概念、国内外研究现状、安全性和必备条件及其在食品加工中的应用。     

益生素和益生元在水产养殖中应用新进展

经过近20年的研究和实践,益生素和益生元在水产养殖场和鱼苗繁殖场的规模化使用已成为现实。目前研究主要集中在环境友好型菌类/群的选择,及抗生素替代产品的选择。益生菌和益生素主要为宿主肠道菌群提供直接或间接的选择性优化产品,可能的作用机制是增加胃肠道有益菌的数量(如乳酸菌和其它有益杆菌),产生特殊的抑制化合物,并对潜在的病原菌产生抑制,抑制毒力基因的表达,增强机体的免疫反应,改善胃肠形态和提高消化机能。因此,益生素和益生菌的使用可提高鱼体健康状况,提高鱼体抗病力,促进生长性能,改善体组成,降低畸形率和保持更好的胃肠道微生态平衡。目前大量的研究正在证实益生素和益生元在水产养殖上应用的可靠性,但目前研究中的产品使用方案与养殖实践中的使用方案存在较大的差异。因此,制定合适的使用方案对于商业水平的应用显得至关重要。未来研究应集中于益生素和益生元的使用方案上。     

益生菌发酵牛初乳对致病菌抑制作用的研究

研究了益生菌发酵牛初乳对致病性大肠杆菌及幽门螺旋杆菌的抑制作用。结果表明,初乳经益生菌发酵,导致初乳pH值降低,初乳IgG活性也相应降低,在pH值为4.6时,IgG活性仅为初乳的25%。不同益生菌发酵初乳在不同pH值对大肠杆菌及幽门螺旋杆菌均有抑制作用,且嗜酸乳杆菌发酵初乳抑制作用最强,对大肠杆菌的抑制率最高达83.2%,对幽门螺旋杆菌抑菌圈直径最大达17.2mm,达到高度敏感,分别较初乳的抑制作用提高47.52%和52.21%。不同益生菌发酵初乳的抑菌作用依次为嗜酸乳杆菌>双歧杆菌>混合乳酸菌>德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种>嗜热链球菌。     

Bifidobacterium bifidum YIT 10347 fermented milk exerts beneficial effects on gastrointestinal discomfort and symptoms in healthy adults: A double-blind,randomized, placebo-controlled study

In a preliminary open-label trial by our group, Bifidobacterium bifidum YIT 10347 (YIT10347) relieved gastric symptoms in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Hence, in this study, we investigated the effects of YIT10347 on gastrointestinal symptoms in healthy adults. In this prospective double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (UMIN000024654), 100 healthy Japanese adults were randomly assigned to a YIT10347 group or placebo group and consumed 100 mL of YIT10347-fermented milk or placebo fermented milk, respectively, every day for 4 wk. Gastrointestinal symptoms were evaluated by using the modified Frequency Scale for Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (m-FSSG) and Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) as primary endpoints. Mental symptoms, quality of life, salivary stress markers, and gastric emptying were evaluated as secondary endpoints. Effectiveness and safety were analyzed in a per-protocol set (YIT10347 group, n = 39; placebo group, n = 40) and full analysis set (YIT10347 group, n = 50; placebo group, n = 50), respectively. In the m-FSSG evaluation, the YIT10347 group had a significantly higher relief rate of postprandial discomfort and greater changes in postprandial epigastric pain score from baseline than the placebo group. In the GSRS evaluation, the YIT10347 group had significantly higher relief rates of overall gastrointestinal symptoms, upper gastrointestinal symptoms, flatus, and diarrhea than the placebo group. We detected no significant differences in scores or relief rates of mental symptoms and quality of life, a salivary stress marker, or gastric emptying between the 2 groups. No severe adverse events associated with test beverage consumption were observed in either group. These findings suggest that daily consumption of YIT10347-fermented milk exerts beneficial effects on gastrointestinal discomfort and symptoms such as postprandial discomfort and epigastric pain in healthy adults.     

Recent advances on lactose intolerance: Tolerance thresholds and currently available answers

The genetically programmed reduction in lactase activity during adulthood affects 70% of the world adult population and can cause severe digestive disorders, which are the sign of lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance symptoms vary depending on the residual lactase activity, the small bowel transit time, and especially the amount of ingested lactose. To formulate dairy products suitable for the vast majority of lactose intolerants, it is essential to define lactose intolerance threshold. A recent meta-analysis permitted to show that almost all lactose intolerants tolerate 12 g of lactose in one intake and approximately 18 g of lactose spread over the day. The prevalence and severity of lactose intolerance are probably overestimated by the general public. This misconception usually leads to an unnecessary reduction of dairy foodstuff consumption. Nevertheless, dairy products are essential for health mainly due to their calcium content and the positive influence of probiotic bacteria. The formulation of dairy products suitable for most intolerant and suspicious subjects seems necessary. The use of exogenous enzyme preparations, as well as the consumption of lactose-free products or products rich in probiotic bacteria are proposed as symptom-reducing strategies.     

High-intensity ultrasound processed acerola juice containing oligosaccharides and dextran promotes Lacticaseibacillus casei NRRL B-442 growth

In the present study, a prebiotic acerola juice containing gluco-oligosaccharides and dextran was produced and processed by high-intensity ultrasound (HIUS). After a simulated in vitro digestion, the gluco-oligosaccharides and dextran maintained 90% and 80% of their initial concentration in all prebiotic’s juices. At the same time, Vitamin C and phenolic compounds concentration increased significantly by 19% and 7% (P < 0.05). After the in vitro digestion, the prebiotic juice HIUS processed by 10 min showed the highest increase in gluco-oligosaccharides and bioactive compound concentrations. The HIUS processing imparted some dextran hydrolysis and improved its fermentability by Lacticaseibacillus casei. Gluco-oligosaccharides were extensively consumed as substrate in simulated intestinal conditions, promoting the L. casei NRRL B-442 growth and production of organic acids and short-chain organic acids. The prebiotic juice HIUS processed for 6 min showed the best responses regarding the metabolism of L. casei NRRL B-442. The results showed high-intensity ultrasound processed acerola juices containing gluco-oligosaccharides and dextran as a prebiotic food.     

Ecological Adaptations of Gut Microbiota Members and Their Consequences for Use as a New Generation of Probiotics

In this review, we link ecological adaptations of different gut microbiota members with their potential for use as a new generation of probiotics. Gut microbiota members differ in their adaptations to survival in aerobic environments. Interestingly, there is an inverse relationship between aerobic survival and abundance or potential for prolonged colonization of the intestinal tract. Facultative anaerobes, aerotolerant Lactobacilli and endospore-forming Firmicutes exhibit high fluctuation, and if such bacteria are to be used as probiotics, they must be continuously administered to mimic their permanent supply from the environment. On the other hand, species not expressing any form of aerobic resistance, such as those from phylum Bacteroidetes, commonly represent host-adapted microbiota members characterized by vertical transmission from mothers to offspring, capable of long-term colonization following a single dose administration. To achieve maximal probiotic efficacy, the mode of their administration should thus reflect their natural ecology.     

Psoriasis and Gut Microbiome—Current State of Art

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease that affects around 125 million people worldwide. Several studies concerning the gut microbiota composition and its role in disease pathogenesis recently demonstrated significant alterations among psoriatic patients. Certain parameters such as Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio or Psoriasis Microbiome Index were developed in order to distinguish between psoriatic and healthy individuals. The “leaky gut syndrome” and bacterial translocation is considered by some authors as a triggering factor for the onset of the disease, as it promotes chronic systemic inflammation. The alterations were also found to resemble those in inflammatory bowel diseases, obesity and certain cardiovascular diseases. Microbiota dysbiosis, depletion in SCFAs production, increased amount of produced TMAO, dysregulation of the pathways affecting the balance between lymphocytes populations seem to be the most significant findings concerning gut physiology in psoriatic patients. The gut microbiota may serve as a potential response-to-treatment biomarker in certain cases of biological treatment. Oral probiotics administration as well as fecal microbial transplantation were most reported in bringing health benefits to psoriatic patients. However, the issue of psoriatic bacterial gut composition, its role and healing potential needs further investigation. Here we reviewed the literature on the current state of the relationship between psoriasis and gut microbiome.