大麦、麦芽和啤酒酿造中的内源性氧化还原酶

由于大麦和麦芽中存在的内潭性氧化还原酶的作用，使内源性多酚、不饱和脂类等物质被氧化，导致成品啤酒风味稳定性和非生物稳定性的降低。酶促氧化反应可发生在不同的酿造阶段，包括发芽、焙爆和糖化等环节。五种主要的内源性氧化还原酶中，超氧化物歧化酶是最为重要的抗氧化酶，可防止超氧阴离子自由基的危害；而过氧化氢酶可催化具有活性的H2O2生成如，由此构成了清除活性氧的初级抗氧化酶体系。过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶分别在H2O2和O2存在的情况下，可催化内源性酚类底物生成具有活性的醌类物质，所产生的次级氧化产物可改变啤酒的品质。脂肪酸氧化酶可氧化不饱和脂肪酸生成可挥发性的醛类物质，是导致啤酒风味老化的关键酶。酶促氧化的结果在成品啤酒上主要表现为老化异昧的出现、形成混浊、苦味和收敛性的改变，以及色泽的加深等。本文综述了这五种酶的基本性质，在制麦和糖化过程中的变化及其影响，并探讨了对啤酒酿造的影响。     

H2O2对家蝇蛹内部几种酶活性的影响

目的研究外源H2O2对家蝇蛹内与抗性相关的几种酶活性的影响。方法通过H2O2诱导,测定家蝇蛹内过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(AsA-POD)以及多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性变化。结果H2O2处理后蛹内CAT和AsA-POD的活性变化规律与处理前差别不大;POD活性在H2O2处理后12h内出现活性高峰,约为对照组的2.5倍,此后稍高于对照组,最后基本与对照组持平;PPO活性在处理后12h内与对照组相当,此后活性骤然升高,处理后24h达到对照组的2.13倍,然后变化速度减慢,但一直维持在对照组的1.3倍左右,48h后活性开始下降。结论H2O2对CAT和AsA-POD的活性影响较小,对POD和PPO的活性有一定的影响。     

Inactivation of polyphenol oxidases in cloudy apple juice exposed to supercritical carbon dioxide

The inactivation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in cloudy apple juice exposed to supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO₂) treatment was investigated. Higher pressure, higher temperature, and longer treatment time caused more inactivation of PPO. The maximum reduction of PPO activity reached more than 60% at 30 MPa and 55 °C for 60 min. The experimental data followed first-order reaction kinetics; the kinetic rate constant k and the decimal reduction time D were closely related to the pressure and temperature of SCCO₂ treatment. Higher pressures or higher temperatures resulted in lower D values (higher k), the D value of PPO was minimized to 145 min treated by the combination of 30 MPa and 55 °C. Activation energy of 18.00 kJ /mol, was significantly reduced by SCCO₂ treatment at 30 MPa, as compared to activation energy of 72.0 kJ/mol for identical treatment at atmospheric pressure. Pressure and temperature sensitivity of kinetic parameters were studied. Z_P at 55 °C was 66.7 MPa and Z_T at 30 MPa was 108 °C.     

漆酶及其应用

漆酶是一种含铜多酚氧化酶,具有催化氧化酚型底物的能力。漆酶在很多领域得到了广泛的应用。主要从生漆干燥和毛发染色、纸浆的生物漂白、生物制浆、去除氯酚类化合物的毒性等几个方面进行了介绍。     

桑叶多酚氧化酶的固定化及酶学性质研究

研究了桑叶多酚氧化酶(PPO)的动力学特性,结果表明,其最适温度为40℃,最适pH为7.0,酶动力学参数Km=0.093mol/L。用浓度质量分数为4%海藻酸钠、体积分数为0.2%戊二醛、0.2mol/L的CaCl2固定多酚氧化酶,固定时间2h,交联时间4h,能使固定化多酚氧化酶的活力达到最大。固定化酶的最适pH为6.0,固定化酶的最佳反应温度为50℃,固定化酶对温度的敏感度降低,温度变化对固定化酶酶活力的影响不大。     

Inactivation kinetics and secondary structural change of PEF-treated POD and PPO

Effects of pulsed electric fields (PEF) on the activity of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in buffered solution were studied while the corresponding changes to their secondary structures was demonstrated by far-UV Circular dichroism (CD). The relative residual activity of POD and PPO decreased with the increase in electric field strength and treatment time, and PPO was more susceptible than POD to PEF treatment. The greatest reduction of the activity was achieved for POD at 25 kV/cm for 1740 μs and PPO at 25 kV/cm for 744 μs with reductions of 32.2% and 76.2%, respectively. The inactivation kinetic parameters D-value and Z_E value were calculated. The D-values of PPO were smaller than those POD at higher electric field strength, and Z_E values of POD and PPO were 36.9 and 16.2 kV/cm, respectively. The secondary structures of the two enzymes were changed following treatment by PEF. The intensity of negative peaks in the CD spectra decreased, and the CD spectra of PPO changed more significantly than that of POD; the reduction of the relative α-helix fractions for POD at 25 kV/cm for 124 μs was 22.63% while it was 50.72% for PPO at 25 kV/cm for 52 μs. The inactivation of PEF-treated POD and PPO was in close agreement with their secondary structure changes.     

Effects of heat treatment on the quality of fresh-cut Chinese water chestnut

A heat treatment to inhibit browning and maintain the quality of fresh‐cut Chinese water chestnut was developed. Slices of Chinese water chestnut, cv. Guilin, were immersed in boiling water for 30 s, placed into film‐wrapped trays and then stored at 4 °C for up to 12 days. Changes in browning, eating quality and disease incidence were measured. The effect of heat treatment on the content of total phenolics and activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) was also evaluated. The heat treatment effectively prevented browning associated with PAL, PPO and POD activities and total phenolic content and delayed the decrease in eating quality, which is associated with reduced total soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid, compared with fresh‐cut Chinese water chestnut. Inhibition of browning by heat treatment without microbial growth was achieved for 12 days of storage at 4 °C. These results showed that heat treatment effectively maintained the quality of fresh‐cut Chinese water chestnut.     

香蕉多酚氧化酶褐变性质的研究

以邻苯二酚为废物通过采用分光光度计测定氧化产物的方法,对香蕉果肉中多酚氧化酶(PPO)的催化特性、最适温度、最适pH值、热稳定性等性质进行了研究。结果表明,香蕉PPO的最适温度为 25℃,最适 pH为 5.0,75℃水浴处理 5 min酶基本完全失活,100℃水浴处理20s可钝化PPO的活性,且香蕉PPO存在同功酶。实验中同时考察了柠檬酸、抗坏血酸、NaHSO_3和半胱氨酸对PPO的褐变抑制效果。     

小麦多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的基因型、环境及其互作效应的分析

选用16个有代表性的小麦品种(系)，分别在山东8个地区进行小麦多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的基因型与环境效应分析。结果表明，在随机效应中，小麦籽粒PPO活性的品种与试点互作效应最为显著。在对面团白度性状进行选择时，既要选择多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性低的品种，又要注意选择在PPO积累低的地区种植，以实现优质品种的优质生产。     

漆酶及其应用

漆酶是一种含铜多酚氧化酶,具有催化氧化酚型底物的能力.漆酶在很多领域得到了广泛的应用.本文主要从纸浆的生物漂白、生物制浆、去除氯酚类化合物的毒性等几个方面进行了介绍.