油菜蜂蜜中挥发性成分指纹图谱的建立

分析油菜单花蜜中的挥发性成分,建立油菜单花蜜挥发性成分的指纹图谱。采用超声波辅助萃取法提取49种不同产地的油菜单花蜜中的挥发性物质,并利用气相-氢火焰化离子检测(gas chromatography-flame ionization detector,GC-FID)和气相色谱-质谱联用(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)技术分析,对气相分析结果进行聚类分析和相似度分析。结果表明：49种油菜蜜分为5类,能明显区分未经加工的原料油菜蜜和市售油菜蜜;原料油菜蜜和市售油菜蜜的挥发性成分存在明显差异;推断苯甲酸-4-羟基-3,5-二甲氧基-酰肼可能作为油菜蜜植物源标记物。     

菜籽油及其衍生物在皮革工业中的应用

从菜籽油的基本组成、特点出发 ,探讨了菜籽油的各种不同类型的化学改性原理及其衍生物在皮革工业中的应用。     

微波辅助NaOH预处理提高油菜秸秆酶解效率的研究

为提高油菜秸秆的酶解效率,试验借助于常压微波加热技术辅助NaOH预处理,并对处理条件进行了优化。结果表明,与未处理比较,经微波预处理的油菜秸秆致密结构明显破坏,利于被纤维素酶水解。微波辅助预处理的最优化条件:微波功率600 W,时间5 min,NaOH 0.1 mol/L,温度80℃,经预处理后的油菜秸秆酶解率可达28.09%,较未处理前增加2.75倍,显著提高了酶解效果。     

菜籽油、马来酸酐、苯乙烯三元共聚反应的研究

用过氧化二苯甲酰作为引发剂,通过自由基共聚合反应,将马来酸酐接枝到菜籽油分子上,在菜籽油分子上引入亲水性的羰基。本文通过考察反应温度、引发剂和苯乙烯的用量等反应条件的影响,确定了最佳合成条件,为后续实验中将聚合物制备成皮革加脂剂提供了有用的基础数据。     

Soil organic carbon changes in the cultivation of energy crops: Implications for GHG balances and soil quality for use in LCA

The environmental impact of different land-use systems for energy, up to the farm or forest “gate”, has been quantified with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Four representative crops are considered: OilSeed Rape (OSR), Miscanthus, Short-Rotation Coppice (SRC) willow and forest residues. The focus of the LCA is on changes in Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) but energy use, emissions of GreenHouse Gases (GHGs), acidification and eutrophication are also considered. In addition to providing an indicator of soil quality, changes in SOC are shown to have a dominant effect on total GHG emissions. Miscanthus is the best land-use option for GHG emissions and soil quality as it sequesters C at a higher rate than the other crops, but this has to be weighed against other environmental impacts where Miscanthus performs worse, such as acidification and eutrophication. OSR shows the worst performance across all categories. Because forest residues are treated as a by-product, their environmental impacts are small in all categories. The analysis highlights the need for detailed site-specific modelling of SOC changes, and for consequential LCAs of the whole fuel cycle including transport and use.     

Contamination of edible double-low oilseed rape crops via pollen transfer from high erucic cultivars

Contamination of double-low oilseed crops with pollen from high erucic varieties grown primarily on set-aside land may result in erucic acid concentrations above 2% resulting in its rejection as a double-low edible oilseed. An analysis of cross contamination between high and low erucic acid crops was carried out in field trials at Cockle Park, and Purley Farm, Essex in the 1992–1993 and 1993–1994 seasons. Contamination was generally low and at random across the test areas. This random fluctuations in erucic acid concentrations appeared to be due to insect activity rather than wind mediated pollen transfer. Roto-rod traps used at Cockle Park to measure pollen flow downwind from isolated blocks of oilseed rape showed that in both seasons a rapid exponential decline in pollen concentration occurred with distance from the source. Results presented in this study would suggest that contamination between edible and high erucic crops does not present a major problem under field scale cultivation. © 1998 SCI.     

Effects of added Cd on Cd uptake by oilseed rape and pai-tsai co-cropping

The experiment was designed to study whether the decrease of Cd in the rhizosphere of Zhongyouza Ⅰ,one breed of oilseed rapes （Brassicajunica） that can hyperaccumulate cadmium from the soil, can improve the living condition of less Cd-tolerant plant pai-tsai （Brassia chinensis） with their roots permitted to intermingle and develop coincident rhizosphere. The extent of rhizosphere interactions between Zhongyouza Ⅰ and pai-tsai was controlled by different root barriers, or without barrier. The results show that in the 10 and 20 mg/kg Cd treated soils, pai-tsai gets higher shoot mass and less Cd accumulation in its shoot than in the barrier treatments or in the mono cultures, when its roots are permitted to intermingle with those of Zhongyouza Ⅰ. Meanwhile, soil decontamination rates of Zhongyouza Ⅰ are not affected much by co-cropping with pai-tsai, they are 80.0% and 91.8% of that in the mono cultures of Zhongyouza Ⅰ, respectively. However, the co-cropping method in meliorating the living condition of pai-tsai is not obvious when Cd concentration in soil reaches 40 mg/kg, and soil decontamination rate decreases to 0.14, which is 58.3% of that in the mono culture. These results indicate that the oilseed rape Zhongyouza Ⅰ may alleviate Cd toxicity of surrounding less-tolerant species, and its ability of phytoremediation is not affected much at the same time, especially in the middle polluted soil.     

Sexual robbery: The missing concept in the search for an appropriate legal metaphor for sexual aggression.

Beginning in the late 1970s and continuing into the early years of the next decade, feminists provided compelling evidence that under the existing rape laws a woman's sexuality was treated as "property" belonging to a man. They emphasized that rape was an aggressive invasion of a person's physical integrity and in 1983 rape was redefined in the Criminal Code as a form of assault. The use of physical assault as a metaphor had the effect of shifting the emphasis of the essence of sexual aggression away from a woman's sexuality as property to the coercive nature of the act. A decade later, the evidence suggests this was an ill-conceived change. Redefining rape as a sexual assault, and measuring the severity of the crime by the level of physical violence, has established the legal and social expectations that the woman must be injured to be a "legitimate" victim. This paper advances the proposition that treating a woman's sexuality as property, as did the old rape law, was correct, and that a more appropriate metaphor is robbery. The metaphor of robbery treats a woman's sexuality as property, but achieves reform by shifting ownership from the domain of a male to the woman herself. Robbery implies the use or threat of force, but, unlike assault, does not require harm to the victim as evidence of the robbery. The theoretical proposition that conceptualizing the essence of sexual aggression as "assault" has failed and that "robbery" may be more appropriate was evaluated by examined every case of sexual assault (n=50), physical assault (n=158) and robbery (n=82) that appeared before the Halifax Law Courts between 1983 and 1988. This legal profile of sexual assault was compared to the alternative profile created by examining every case (n=593) of sexual assault reported to the local sexual assault service during the same time period. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Detection of Glutamic Acid in Oilseed Rape Leaves Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy and the Least Squares-Support Vector Machine

Amino acids are quite important indices to indicate the growth status of oilseed rape under herbicide stress. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics was applied for fast determination of glutamic acid in oilseed rape leaves. The optimal spectral preprocessing method was obtained after comparing Savitzky-Golay smoothing, standard normal variate, multiplicative scatter correction, first and second derivatives, detrending and direct orthogonal signal correction. Linear and nonlinear calibration methods were developed, including partial least squares (PLS) and least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM). The most effective wavelengths (EWs) were determined by the successive projections algorithm (SPA), and these wavelengths were used as the inputs of PLS and LS-SVM model. The best prediction results were achieved by SPA-LS-SVM (Raw) model with correlation coefficient r = 0.9943 and root mean squares error of prediction (RMSEP) = 0.0569 for prediction set. These results indicated that NIR spectroscopy combined with SPA-LS-SVM was feasible for the fast and effective detection of glutamic acid in oilseed rape leaves. The selected EWs could be used to develop spectral sensors, and the important and basic amino acid data were helpful to study the function mechanism of herbicide.     

探析陶瓷山水画技法创新及意境表达

陶瓷山水画从问世至今,艺术手法不断创新,但关键是创作技法和意境的突破。从探析陶瓷山水画技法的西北豪情中的泼墨肌理,到徽州婺源油菜花的南方温婉展现,展示的意境都是从大自然中来,也给陶瓷山水画注入了新的生机和内涵。