细骨料品种对外掺MgO砂浆膨胀性能的影响研究

 为了阐明骨料岩性对MgO混凝土膨胀特性的影响规律及作用机理,研究了20,38,60℃水养护温度下不同骨料砂浆的膨胀率,并结合能谱、元素聚类及相分布等微观测试手段深入分析了水泥基体区与细骨料界面过渡区的微结构及元素富集特性。研究结果表明：养护温度从20℃提高至60℃时,砂浆膨胀率增大,且天然砂与辉石闪长岩砂浆的膨胀率最高,其次为灰岩砂浆,玄武岩砂浆最小。38℃水养条件下,辉石闪长岩砂浆和玄武岩砂浆界面区的Ca,Mg元素富集程度高于灰岩与天然砂砂浆,天然砂较高的表面孔隙率和表面含水率有助于吸引更多的MgO迁移至界面区,快速水化形成晶粒尺寸较大、结构较疏松的“外部膨胀水化产物”水镁石;骨料颗粒通过影响界面过渡区的元素富集特性、水化物相类型和形态来影响MgO砂浆的膨胀特性,含有细粉的人工细骨料可以通过改变外掺MgO水泥水化程度和MgO含量来改变MgO砂浆的特性。     

水环境中药物污染、检测及去除研究进展

分析国内外水体中药物污染现状及其差异,详述水环境中痕量药物残留分析典型流程及固相萃取结合色谱 质谱联用的检测方法,总结污水处理厂、传统氧化工艺、高级氧化工艺、活性炭吸附和新型水处理技术去除效果和机理,认为在我国对各类水体进行药物污染调查、明确"优先污染药物"及研究水处理工艺药物去除效果等方面是今后研究的重点。     

高效低耗活性炭水处理工艺设计方法的优化

介绍活性炭吸附工艺设计的基本步骤和方法,说明如何建立高效低耗的活性炭水处理工艺,并通过吸附容量实验与连续流穿透实验获得工艺设计的基本参数。以吸附性能指标选炭法、微型快速穿透实验及生物活性炭系统的案例,论述活性炭塔中生物活性炭现象、活性炭催化/降解功能以及再生炭应用等高效低耗的功效,以达到进一步降低活性炭水处理成本的目的。     

Factors affecting ambulatory heart rate in industrial workers†

The influence of several factors on the heart-rate (HR) response to tasks performed during regular work has been evaluated in a study population of 1654 male factory employees in Israel. Each worker was monitored for approximately one hour with an ambulatory electrocardiogram. The percentage change from resting HR decreased with increasing age and, as expected, was lower in sedentary workers than in manual workers. A highly significant negative correlation between the HR response and both systolic and diastolic blood pressure was found in the manual workers only. In further multiple regression analysis, after controlling for age, relative weight, smoking status, resting HR and the presence of abnormalities on the resting ECG, the association persisted for systolic BP only. Among young workers, both smoking and relative body weight were significantly associated with a higher HR response to work. Those with ECG abnormalities had lower HR response than those with normal ECGs, but not significantly so. These findings indicate that for roughly equivalent tasks and levels of resting HR, the HR response to regular work is influenced by several constitutional and behavioural factors. It may therefore be important to consider these factors when assigning workers to tasks involving strenuous effort.     

Physiological and cognitive responses when riding an electrically assisted bicycle versus a classical bicycle

The present study compared the physiological responses and the subsequent cognitive performance when riding an electrically assisted (EB) versus a classical (CB) bicycle. Oxygen uptake, heart rate and leg extensor muscles electromyographic (EMG) activity were recorded in 10 subjects during a 30-min intermittent cycling exercise performed with EB versus CB. Cognitive performance was evaluated by a mail sorting test, performed at rest and after each cycling session. Averaged oxygen uptake and heat rate were significantly (P < 0.05) lower during EB cycling than during CB cycling. The EMG activities of the vastus lateralis, rectus femoris and gastrocnemius medialis muscles were significantly (P < 0.001) greater during CB cycling than during EB cycling. The time to complete the mail sorting test was significantly (P < 0.05) shorter after EB cycling than after CB cycling. Because EB cycling reduced muscle strains and physiological stress, it might offer benefits for those using bicycles in their work, such as postal workers and police officers. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: This study compared physiological and cognitive responses when riding an electrically assisted versus a classical bicycle. The results showed that the electrically assisted bicycle led to reduced muscle strains and physiological stress and, therefore, might offer benefits for those using bicycles in their work, such as postal workers and police officers.     

Metabolic and cardiovascular responses to exercise with caffeine

The effect of caffeine on circulation and metabolism was studied during a discontinuous maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ max) test on a bicycle ergometer. Eight male subjects were chosen for their minimal use of caffeine of which six normally did not ingest caffeinated beverages. Two caffeinated and two decaffeinated (control) trials were administered to each subject following double-blind and counterbalanced testing procedures. One hour before exercise, subjects ingested decaffeinated coffee with or without 350 mg of caffeine anhydrous added. Cardiac output (Q) was measured by a C0₂ rebreathing technique. Compared to control trials, caffeine increased the VO₂ max by an average of 140ml min?¹ (p <0-0·5)l. In addition, during caffeine trials, the average maximal heart rate (HR max) was elevated by 5 beats min^?1 (p<0·01). There were no other statistically significant changes in metabolic (VO₂ and R) and cardiovascular (Q, HR, SV and (a-v) 0₂ diff) variables during either submaximal or maximal exercise. Performance, as measured by total exercise time on the VO₂ max test, was not significantly different (p>0·05). It was concluded that caffeine has a small physiological but a statistically significant effect on VQ₂ max and HR max. During submaximal exercise, caffeine did not significantly effect the cardiovascular system.     

Use of pressure insoles to compare in-shoe loading for modern running shoes

The primary objective of this paper was to compare in-shoe loading for different models of running shoe using measurements of force distribution. It was hypothesised that a shoe designed with minimal focus on cushioning would demonstrate significantly higher peak forces and rates of loading than running shoes designed with cushioning midsoles. Loading was compared using in-shoe peak forces for six footwear conditions. It was found that peak rate of loading at the heel provided clear distinctions between shoes. In support of the study hypothesis, the shoe with minimal focus on cushioning had a significantly higher rate of loading than all but one of the other test shoes. Data collected for midfoot and forefoot areas of the foot highlighted the importance of considering loading across the foot surface. The results of the present study demonstrate that pressure insoles provide a useful tool for the assessment of loading across the foot plantar surface for different footwear conditions. There are numerous models of running shoe for individuals to select from, with limited information available regarding the performance of the shoes during running. The current study demonstrates differences in loads across the foot plantar surface during running, indicating differences in performance for different footwear models.     

Biological and psychological responses to two rapid shiftwork schedules

This study presents the biological responses to shiftwork in two groups of workers with different shiftwork rotas. Biological responses were studied by recording the heart rate and the changes in the circadian profile of salivary cortisol over 24?h (RIA assays). Various items were recorded through questionnaires aimed at determining self appreciation of sleep quantity, stress, health, satisfaction at work and in private lives. Thirty two male subjects aged from 23 to 56, working for the same company, having given their informed consent, took part in the study. The study was carried out under realistic conditions (at the work place) under the control of an occupational physician. Sixteen day-workers (8 am?–?6?pm) served as a reference group. Eight shiftworkers included in alternate schedules (morning M 4 am?–?12 am, evening E 12 am?–?8?pm, night N 8?pm?–?4 am) according to a system M, S, N 3/2, (3 work, 2 rest) and eight according to a system 7/5 (3M/2S/2N/5R, 2/3/2/5, 2/2/3/5) constituted the groups of shiftworkers respectively named 3/2 and 7/5. All subjects had comparable ages and BMIs. Shiftworkers expressed a higher stress level and frequency of health problems and a lower satisfaction at work than the control. Among the three groups, the 7/5 group had the best health and fitness score and was in need of less sleep. Heart rate was not affected by shift work. Conversely, consistent changes appeared in cortisol circadian profiles, the greatest changes appearing for the night shift and among the two groups of shiftworkers, more particularly for the 7/5 group. These changes correlated with self-perceived constraints of work and showed the difficulties of adaptation to shiftwork.     

Analysis of the nonlinear Uzawa algorithm for symmetric saddle point problems

In this paper we discuss the convergence behaviour of the nonlinear Uzawa algorithm for solving saddle point problems presented in a recent paper of Cao [Z.H. Cao, Fast Uzawa algorithm for generalized saddle point problems, Appl. Numer. Math. 46 (2003), pp. 157–171]. For a general case, the results on the convergence of the algorithm are given.     

三参数最小费用流算法研究

本文提出三参数网络流,在加工能力和制造费用的基础上,增加了成材率．三参数网络流便于描述包含物理化学变化的钢铁、化工等制造流程．还给出了三参数网络流最小费用问题的求解方法,并给出了计算实例．