Effects from chlorination and dechlorination of Savannah River water were studied during the development of biofouling countermeasures for a proposed cooling tower system required for thermal mitigation of nuclear reactor cooling water effluent. Testing was conducted to assess chlorine demand and dissipation rates as well as the environmental acceptability of using sodium sulfite as a dechlorinating agent. Chlorine demand varied significantly, but in an unpredictable manner during seven seasonal sampling dates. A chlorine dosage of 3–5 mg/l was generally adequate to provide a free chlorine residual of 1 mg/l. Static 48-h bioassays with bluegill showed no acute toxicity for chlorinated/dechlorinated cooling water containing up to 64 times the calculated stoichiometric concentration of sodium sulfite required for dechlorination. Experiments measuring the depletion of dissolved oxygen and flow-through (96-h) bioassays with bluegill and largemouth bass further substantiated the environmental acceptability of using sodium sulfite as a dechlorinating agent. 相似文献
In this study, we followed up, by measuring the reductive desorption patterns, the time-dependent growth of the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of a thiol compound (typically cysteine) formed on polycrystalline Au (poly-Au) electrode. Cysteine molecules appeared to adsorb preferentially and consecutively at the Au(1 1 0), Au(1 0 0) and then at the Au(1 1 1) surface domains of the poly-Au. A 95% surface coverage of cysteine (Γcysteine) was attained after 5 s, 120 s and more than 300 s for the Au(1 1 0), Au(1 0 0) and Au(1 1 1) domains, respectively, of the poly-Au electrode. The electrochemical reduction of molecular oxygen (O2) in O2-saturated 0.5 M KOH was utilized as a probing reaction for the extent of the compactness of the SAM. A binary SAM of two thiols (cysteine and cystamine) has been successfully designed over the poly-Au electrode at which a precise positioning of cysteine was achieved, i.e., cysteine was attached to the Au(1 1 1) domains, while cystamine to the Au(1 0 0) and Au(1 1 0) domains. SEM images for the electrodeposited Ag over the cysteine sub-SAM/Au electrode gave a possible mapping of the Au(1 1 1) domains of the poly-Au electrode. 相似文献
This paper describes two efficient strategies to suppress β‐H elimination during the palladium/copper bimetallic system‐mediated cross‐coupling between alkynamides and alkenes. Remote donor groups with the terminal olefins, such as toluenesulfonamide, phosphate, sulfone, etc., cooperate with the amide of alkynamides and chelate the palladium active center, to promote C(sp3) O bond formation by suppressing the β‐H elimination. Another strategy uses the rigid structure of norbornene to make an intermediate without a syn‐β‐hydrogen to achieve reductive elimination of the C Cl bond.