Four different configurations of a 5 kW class shell-and-tube methane steam reformer with a low-temperature heat source

The methane steam reforming reaction is an extremely high endothermic reaction that needs a high temperature heat source. Various fuel cell hybrid systems have been developed to improve the thermal efficiency of the entire system. This paper presents a low temperature steam reformer for those hybrid systems to maximize the utilization of energy from a low temperature waste heat source. In this study, the steam reformer has a shell and tube configuration that is divided into the following zones: the inlet heat exchanging zone, the reforming zone and the exit heat exchanging zone. Four different configurations for methane steam reformers are developed to examine the effect of heat transfer on the methane conversion performance of the low temperature steam reformer. The experimental results show that the overall heat transfer area is a critical parameter in achieving a high methane conversion rate. When the heat transfer area increases about 30%, the results showed elevated dry mole fractions of hydrogen about 3% with about 30 °C rise of reformer outlet temperature.     

二段转化炉内部耐火衬里局部修复和更换

介绍二段转化炉内部下锥段的耐火衬里和拱砖损坏情况,以及衬里局部修复、拱砖更换的施工过程和管理经验。     

甲醇装置转化炉出口甲烷偏高原因分析

分析100kt/a焦炉气制甲醇装置二段炉出口甲烷偏高的原因,认为是金属烧嘴偏流而引起的,并提出相应的措施。     

一段炉转化管热带现象原因分析及处理

针对转化管出现的热带(超温)现象,结合一段炉的运行数据,从转化管改薄壁管、催化剂活性降低、催化剂结炭等方面进行分析与探讨,并采取一系列的操作优化及烧炭处理,避免了装置的停车,保证了系统的长周期稳定运行。     

焦炉煤气生产合成氨、尿素项目关键问题分析

为合理利用焦炉煤气,实现焦炉煤气生产合成氨、尿素项目实现安稳长满优运行,通过分析项目中焦炉煤气气量及组分(特别是硫含量及杂质),选择压缩机、转化炉等主要设备,分析合成氨、尿素负荷的匹配,施工队伍等关键问题对项目建设和生产的影响。提出了焦炉煤气气量及组分确定方法,压缩机、转化炉选型要求,合成氨、尿素负荷匹配设计以及施工单位选择原则。应充分估算焦炉气量,搞清焦炉气成分,以便确定合理生产规模和主要工艺,特别要考虑焦炉气中杂质对工艺系统的影响。应选择性能可靠稳定的往复式焦炉气压缩机、净化气压缩机、循环气压缩机和CO2压缩机,保证生产安全稳定连续运行。     

换热式转化炉下猪尾管裂纹原因分析及改造建议

对已使用3 a、材料为Incoloy 800H合金的505C制氢装置换热式转化炉下猪尾管裂纹进行了分析,通过无损探伤、现场测量、材料元素分析、工艺运行状况、结构应力等方面的分析讨论,论证了裂纹产生的原因是由操作温度、结构应力等多种因素造成的,并对改进该装置提出了建议。     

延安炼油厂高标号汽油生产平衡方案研究

在对国内汽油质量标准发展过程分析的基础上,以延安炼油厂现有装置生产的成品汽油产量、组分及质量为依据,结合延安炼油厂即将投产的120万t/a重整装置油品的产量、组成等设计数据,以生产高标号汽油为目标,研究设计了两种汽油产品生产的技术方案。通过对两种方案销售收益的横向对比,确定了一种理想的油品加工方案。研究结果可为延安炼油厂高标号汽油质量升级方案的规划提供重要的依据。     

30kt／a甲醇装置纯氧二段转化炉分析

从理论上分析了云天化纯氧二段存在的隐患,对实际运行民政部进行了分析总结,并针对存在的问题提出了改进意见。     

Design and test of a miniature hydrogen production reactor integrated with heat supply,fuel vaporization,methanol-steam reforming and carbon monoxide removal unit

This study presents a designed and tested integrated miniature tubular quartz-made reactor for hydrogen (H₂) production. This reactor is composed of two concentric tubes with an overall length of 60 mm and a diameter of 17 mm. The inner tube was designed as the combustor using Pt/Al₂O₃ as the catalyst. The gap between the inner and outer tubes is divided into three sections: a liquid methanol-water vaporizer, a methanol-steam reformer using RP-60 as the catalyst and a carbon monoxide (CO) methanator using Ru/Al₂O₃ as the catalyst. The experimental measurements indicated that this integrated reactor works properly as designed. The methanol conversion, hydrogen production rate and CO concentration were found to increase with an increasing methanol/air flow rate in the combustor and decreases with an increasing methanol/water feed rate to the reformer. The methanator experimental results indicated that the CO conversion and H₂ consumption can be enhanced by increasing the Ru loading. It was also found that the CO methanation depends greatly on the reaction temperature. With a higher reaction temperature, the CO methanation, carbon dioxide (CO₂) methanation, and reversed water gas shift reactions took place simultaneously. CO conversion was found to decrease while H₂ consumption was found to increase. At a lower reaction temperature both the CO conversion and H₂ consumption were found to increase indicating that only CO methanation took place. From the experimental results the maximum methanol conversion, hydrogen yield, and CO conversion achieved were 97%, 2.38, and 70%, respectively. The actual lowest CO concentration and maximum power density based on the reactor volume were 90 ppm and 0.8 kW/L, respectively.     

合成氨一段转化炉化工投料方法探讨

简要分析合成氨装置一段转化炉化工投料存在的问题,提出可行方法,旨在解决化工投料难题。