The Role of Lattice Matching Techniques in the Characterization of Polymorphic Forms

An inspection of the recent literature reveals that polymorphism is a frequently encountered phenomenon. The recognition of polymorphic forms plays a vital role in the materials sciences because such structures are characterized by different crystal packing and accordingly have different physical properties. In the pharmaceutical industry, recognition of polymorphic forms can be critical for, in certain cases, a polymorphic form of a drug may be an ineffective therapeutic agent due to its unfavorable physical properties. A check of the recent literature has revealed that in some cases new polymorphic forms are not recognized. In other instances, a supposedly new polymeric form is actually the result of an incorrect structure determination. Fortunately, lattice-matching techniques, which have proved invaluable in the identification and characterization of crystal structures, represent a powerful tool for analyzing polymorphic forms. These lattice-matching methods are based on either of two strategies: (a) the reduced cell strategy–the matching of reduced cells of the respective lattices or (b) the matrix strategy–the determination of a matrix or matrices relating the two lattices coupled with an analysis of the matrix elements. Herein, these techniques are applied to three typical cases–(a) the identification of a new polymorphic form, (b) the demonstration that a substance may not be a new polymorphic form due to missed symmetry, and (c) the evaluation of pseudo polymorphism because of a missed lattice. To identify new polymorphic forms and to prevent errors, it is recommended that these lattice matching techniques become an integral part of the editorial review process of crystallography journals.     

Replication of polypyrrole with photonic structures from butterfly wings as biosensor

Polypyrrole (PPy) with photonic crystal structures were synthesized from Morpho butterfly wings using a two-step templating process. In the first step photonic crystal SiO₂ butterfly wings were synthesized from Morpho butterfly wings and in the second step the SiO₂ butterfly wings were used as templates for the replication of PPy butterfly wings using an in situ polymerization method. The SiO₂ templates were then removed from the PPy butterfly wings using a HF solution. The hierarchical structures down to the nanometer level, especially the photonic crystal structures, were retained in the final PPy replicas, as evidenced directly by field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The optical properties of the resultant PPy replicas were investigated using reflectance spectroscopy and the PPy replicas exhibit brilliant color due to Bragg diffraction through its ordered periodic structures. The preliminary biosensing application was investigated and it was found that the PPy replicas showed a much higher biological activity compared with PPy powders through their response to dopamine (DA), probably due to the hierarchical structures as well as controlled porosity inherited from Morpho butterfly wings. It is expected that our strategy will open up new avenues for the synthesis of functional polymers with photonic crystal structures, which may form applications as biosensors.     

刚性路面超薄混凝土罩面关键施工工艺研究

对水泥混凝土路面超薄罩面快速修补的关键施工工艺进行了分析,提出了能迅速恢复沉陷路段标高的方法,解决了刚性路面维修时间长,难度大等问题,达到了快速通车的目的。     

甜菜雄性不育系选育技术研究

本文以内蒙古甜菜育种工作为基础,较为系统地介绍了选育甜菜雄性不育系的各项技术,从理论和实践两个方面总结了从事此项研究的经验。全文分为5个部分:1.基础雄性不育材料的获得和利用;2.O型系的筛选;3.隔离繁殖技术;4.采用加代措施缩短选育年限;5.雄性不育与环境的关系。     

基于MATLAB环境的通信系统模拟技术

随着通信系统复杂性的增加,传统的设计方法已经不能适应发展的需要,进行通信系统模拟仿真的研究。开发一个高效的通信和系统模拟仿真环境已经成为目前的迫切需要。     

Scheduling Algorithms for Packet-Oriented MAC Protocols in Wireless Multimedia Systems

Future generation wireless multimediacommunications will require efficient Medium AccessControl (MAC) protocols able to guarantee suitable Qualityof Service (QoS) levels for different traffic classes whileachieving a high utilization of radio resources. This paperproposes a new scheduling technique to be adopted at the MAClevel in wireless access systems, named Dynamic Scheduling-Time DivisionDuplexing (DS-TDD), that efficiently managesvideo, voice, Web and background traffics. A theoretical approachis proposed in this paper to evaluate the DS-TDD performance withvoice and Web traffics. Simulation results have permitted tohighlight the following promising characteristics of the DS-TDDscheme: (i) a high capacity of real-time traffics isattained with a QoS insensitive to Web and background trafficloads; (ii) a high throughput can be guaranteed whilepreserving the QoS levels of the different traffic classes;(iii) heavier downlink traffic loads do not modify the QoSof uplink traffics. Finally, extensive comparisons with differentscheduling schemes proposed in the literature have permitted tohighlight the better performanceof DS-TDD.     

用Delphi实现快速删除TList的批连续结点算法的探讨

在编制遥测数据处理软件的过程中，面对大量的测试数据，经常需要编写高效率的数据过滤器。本文讨论了一种通过采用跨单元、跨类访问Delphi类的私有域的方法实现快速删除TList批连续结点的新算法，并通过测试结果得到验证。     

共享信息的文化网格

随着存储技术的进步，利用直播卫星等数字广播通道和整合大量文化资源的内容定位技术，可以建立一个把信息送达全国城乡，任家庭自由收藏、取用的全民共享信息的人文环境：“文化网格”，它是实现大规模远程教育、终身教育和电子文化传媒发行的一种理想机制。     

一种嵌入式TCP／IP的实现

针对许多小型嵌入式系统要求结构紧凑、开销小的TCP／IP协议栈的需求，提出一种可移植的非路由器TCP／IP原型的实现。该TCP／IP原型基于某种小型嵌入式系统，依据RFC1122兼容性规定，提供IP、ARP、TCP、UDP服务和Berkeley Socket编程接口。该实现代码短小，开销低，性能能够满足多数应用需求，具有较强的可移植性。     

Chemical natures and distributions of metal impurities in multicrystalline silicon materials

We present a comprehensive summary of our observations of metal‐rich particles in multicrystalline silicon (mc‐Si) solar cell materials from multiple vendors, including directionally‐solidified ingot‐grown, sheet, and ribbon, as well as multicrystalline float zone materials contaminated during growth. In each material, the elemental nature, chemical states, and distributions of metal‐rich particles are assessed by synchrotron‐based analytical x‐ray microprobe techniques. Certain universal physical principles appear to govern the behavior of metals in nearly all materials: (a) Two types of metal‐rich particles can be observed (metal silicide nanoprecipitates and metal‐rich inclusions up to tens of microns in size, frequently oxidized), (b) spatial distributions of individual elements strongly depend on their solubility and diffusivity, and (c) strong interactions exist between metals and certain types of structural defects. Differences in the distribution and elemental nature of metal contamination between different mc‐Si materials can largely be explained by variations in crystal growth parameters, structural defect types, and contamination sources. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.