联合注意力和Transformer的视网膜血管分割网络

视网膜血管分割在许多眼科疾病诊断和治疗方面至关重要。对复杂的视网膜结构及低对比度眼底图像来说,准确地分割视网膜图像的血管特征仍具有挑战性。联合注意力和Transformer的视网膜血管分割网络JAT-Net,通过对编码阶段特征的通道信息和位置信息联合关注增强编码局部细节特征,利用Transformer增强对长距离上下文信息和空间依赖关系建模的能力。在DRIVE和CHASE数据集上进行视网膜血管分割实验,其准确率分别为0.970 6和0.977 4,F1分数分别为0.843 3和0.815 4,在视网膜血管分割方面表现不错。     

线算子引导Gabor小波的视网膜血管分割

视网膜血管自动分割能辅助诊断某些眼底疾病和系统性血管疾病。为了提高血管自动分割的效率,因此提出了一种线算子引导Gabor小波的视网膜血管分割方法。利用线算子检测血管方向的最优匹配角,将其作为Gabor小波变换的旋转角构建4个不同尺度的Gabor小波,并提取4维Gabor小波特征,加上两个线强度和预处理后的图像灰度,构建7维特征向量,采用SVM进行分类。与其他基于Gabor小波的方法相比,本方法只需计算最优匹配角所对应方向的Gabor小波特征,大大降低了多尺度Gabor小波特征提取的计算量,此外线算子特征与Gabor小波特征的良好互补性,有利于提高血管与背景的辨别度。在DRIVE眼底数据库上进行实验,其平均准确率、灵敏度及特异性分别为0.9361、0.8238及0.9554,获得了不错的分割性能。     

A Novel GUCA1A Variant Associated with Cone Dystrophy Alters cGMP Signaling in Photoreceptors by Strongly Interacting with and Hyperactivating Retinal Guanylate Cyclase

Guanylate cyclase-activating protein 1 (GCAP1), encoded by the GUCA1A gene, is a neuronal calcium sensor protein involved in shaping the photoresponse kinetics in cones and rods. GCAP1 accelerates or slows the cGMP synthesis operated by retinal guanylate cyclase (GC) based on the light-dependent levels of intracellular Ca²⁺, thereby ensuring a timely regulation of the phototransduction cascade. We found a novel variant of GUCA1A in a patient affected by autosomal dominant cone dystrophy (adCOD), leading to the Asn104His (N104H) amino acid substitution at the protein level. While biochemical analysis of the recombinant protein showed impaired Ca²⁺ sensitivity of the variant, structural properties investigated by circular dichroism and limited proteolysis excluded major structural rearrangements induced by the mutation. Analytical gel filtration profiles and dynamic light scattering were compatible with a dimeric protein both in the presence of Mg²⁺ alone and Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺. Enzymatic assays showed that N104H-GCAP1 strongly interacts with the GC, with an affinity that doubles that of the WT. The doubled IC₅₀ value of the novel variant (520 nM for N104H vs. 260 nM for the WT) is compatible with a constitutive activity of GC at physiological levels of Ca²⁺. The structural region at the interface with the GC may acquire enhanced flexibility under high Ca²⁺ conditions, as suggested by 2 μs molecular dynamics simulations. The altered interaction with GC would cause hyper-activity of the enzyme at both low and high Ca²⁺ levels, which would ultimately lead to toxic accumulation of cGMP and Ca²⁺ in the photoreceptor outer segment, thus triggering cell death.     

7,8-Dihydroxiflavone Protects Adult Rat Axotomized Retinal Ganglion Cells through MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT Activation

We analyze the 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (DHF)/TrkB signaling activation of two main intracellular pathways, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT, in the neuroprotection of axotomized retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Methods: Adult albino Sprague-Dawley rats received left intraorbital optic nerve transection (IONT) and were divided in two groups. One group received daily intraperitoneal DHF (5 mg/kg) and another vehicle (1%DMSO in 0.9%NaCl) from one day before IONT until processing. Additional intact rats were employed as control (n = 4). At 1, 3 or 7 days (d) after IONT, phosphorylated (p)AKT, p-MAPK, and non-phosphorylated AKT and MAPK expression levels were analyzed in the retina by Western blotting (n = 4/group). Radial sections were also immunodetected for the above-mentioned proteins, and for Brn3a and vimentin to identify RGCs and Müller cells (MCs), respectively (n = 3/group). Results: IONT induced increased levels of p-MAPK and MAPK at 3d in DHF- or vehicle-treated retinas and at 7d in DHF-treated retinas. IONT induced a fast decrease in AKT in retinas treated with DHF or vehicle, with higher levels of phosphorylation in DHF-treated retinas at 7d. In intact retinas and vehicle-treated groups, no p-MAPK or MAPK expression in RGCs was observed. In DHF- treated retinas p-MAPK and MAPK were expressed in the ganglion cell layer and in the RGC nuclei 3 and 7d after IONT. AKT was observed in intact and axotomized RGCs, but the signal intensity of p-AKT was stronger in DHF-treated retinas. Finally, MCs expressed higher quantities of both MAPK and AKT at 3d in both DHF- and vehicle-treated retinas, and at 7d the phosphorylation of p-MAPK was higher in DHF-treated groups. Conclusions: Phosphorylation and increased levels of AKT and MAPK through MCs and RGCs in retinas after DHF-treatment may be responsible for the increased and long-lasting RGC protection afforded by DHF after IONT.     

海洋栖热菌β-胡萝卜素15,15’双加氧酶原核表达

以海洋栖热菌（Oceanithermus sp.）DN-1基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR法扩增β-胡萝卜素15,15’双加氧酶BCMOTA基因,构建重组质粒,在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)中表达,并采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法检测酶活性。结果表明,通过镍柱亲和层析和分子筛Sephacryl TM S-100,得到纯化重组β-胡萝卜素15,15’双加氧酶,十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）分析结果表明,该酶分子质量约35 kDa;该酶的最适温度为50 ℃,最适pH值为8.0。在此优化反应条件下,生成569.3 mg/L全反式视黄醛,转化率达到89.5%。     

纺织材料在医学及保健领域的应用

随着纺织生产技术及医学科学技术的发展,纺织材料在医学领域的应用得到迅速发展。文章对纺织材料在医学和保健卫生领域的应用进行了综述,叙述了医用和保健卫生用制品的种类、功能、生产方法和所用原料。     

基于库伦-粘性摩擦模型的大腿假肢动力学参数辨识

基于模型的智能假肢控制方式具有物理意义明确、参数变量少的优势,但受建模误差、模型不确定等因素的影响,其控制精度仍有待进一步提高,而有效措施之一便是假肢先验动力学建模与辨识.本文针对实验室新设计的动力大腿假肢,研究了基于库伦-粘性摩擦的大腿假肢动力学参数辨识问题.首先,基于拉格朗日方法建立了具有固定传动比动力膝关节和非线性传动比动力踝关节的大腿假肢动力学模型;其次,采用库伦-粘性摩擦模型来描述假肢动力学模型中的关节摩擦行为;最后,通过粒子群优化算法辨识了大腿假肢的动力学参数.结果表明,相比于基于3D建模软件的估计参数,基于辨识参数重构的膝、踝关节电机扭矩与实测扭矩的均方根误差分别降低了93.55%和80.83%,模型精度得到了显著提高.这一结果不仅验证了本文假肢动力学建模与参数辨识方法的有效性,也为假肢后续的高精度控制提供了技术支撑.     

基于图像生成的多模态视网膜图像配准方法

针对多模态视网膜的全局粗配准,提出了一种基于图像生成的多模态视网膜配准方法. 不同于当前主流的提取多模态视网膜图像血管再进行配准的方法,使用GAN模型对不同模态的视网膜图像进行像素级映射,再通过特征点匹配的方式计算图像仿射矩阵,实现图像粗配准. 基于彩色眼底图像与荧光素血管造影图像的实验结果表明,该方法与当前主流的视网膜粗配准方法相比,具有快速且鲁棒的优势.