Phototoxicities Caused by Continuous Light Exposure Were Not Induced in Retinal Ganglion Cells Transduced by an Optogenetic Gene

The death of photoreceptor cells is induced by continuous light exposure. However, it is unclear whether light damage was induced in retinal ganglion cells with photosensitivity by transduction of optogenetic genes. In this study, we evaluated the phototoxicities of continuous light exposure on retinal ganglion cells after transduction of the optogenetic gene mVChR1 using an adeno-associated virus vector. Rats were exposed to continuous light for a week, and visually evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded. The intensities of continuous light (500, 1000, 3000, and 5000 lx) increased substantially after VEP recordings. After the final recording of VEPs, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were retrogradely labeled with a fluorescein tracer, FluoroGold, and the number of retinal ganglion cells was counted under a fluorescent microscope. There was no significant reduction in the amplitudes of VEPs and the number of RGCs after exposure to any light intensity. These results indicated that RGCs were photosensitive after the transduction of optogenetic genes and did not induce any phototoxicity by continuous light exposure.     

视网膜显微手术机器人的约束运动规划及仿真

为了辅助医生完成视网膜显微手术中精细的手术操作,过滤颤抖、提高精度和稳定性,提出一种生成手术机器人空间运动约束的方法——虚拟固定器（VF）．首先,通过引入手术环境约束和任务约束,采用加权、线性化的多目标约束条件,根据用户的输入设置目标函数,构造了视网膜显微手术中所需的6个虚拟固定器基元．在此基础上,以远程运动中心虚拟约束（RCM VF）的生成为例,通过约束运动基元的组合,推导了复杂约束运动的实现方法．各约束运动基元算法及复杂约束运动算法的仿真结果表明,手术器械可以按照虚拟固定器的定义实现特定的约束运动．最后,在各手术步骤中引入约束运动基元的基础上,在乒乓球和离体猪眼球上进行了手术操作实验,证明了在该虚拟固定器的引导下,视网膜机器人可以完成高难度的手术操作,验证了所提出算法的合理性和有效性．     

The role of the 11-cis-retinal ring methyl substituents in visual pigment formation

Artificial visual pigment formation from ring-demethylated retinals was studied in an effort to understand the effect that methyl groups on the chromophore cyclohexenyl ring have on the visual cycle. The stereoselective synthesis of the 11-cis-ring-demethylated analogues involves thallium-accelerated Suzuki cross-coupling reactions and highly stereocontrolled Wittig reactions to form key bonds. Only 11-cis-1,1,5-trisdemethylretinal (2) failed to form an artificial pigment, whilst variable pigment-formation yields were determined for the remaining analogues, increasing with the number (and location) of the chromophore hydrophobic ring methyl groups. Our results with the monodemethylated analogues 11-cis-5-demethylretinal (4) and 11-cis-1-demethylretinal (5) show that the C1-2-CH(3) groups are more important for pigment formation than the C5-CH(3) substituent. This is reflected in the absorption maxima of the artificial pigments, with values closer to that of native rhodopsin for 4. Docking studies based on a rhodopsin crystal structure, however, predict a lower pigment stability for 4 than for 5. Gas-phase DFT (B3LYP/6-31G*) computations of the free-ligand geometries, conformational searches about the C6--C7 bond, and docking studies revealed that, although the conformation of bound 5 is close to that of the native chromophore, the ligand needs to overcome the energy cost of shifting the unbound favored 6-s-trans conformation to the bound 6-s-cis form. In addition, the presence of an extra methyl group at C18 (11-cis-18-methylretinal, 7) is tolerated well and adds further stability to the complex, most probably due to increased hydrophobic interactions.     

视网膜前假体中柔性凸起微电极的研制

采用聚对二甲苯（Parylene C）作为结构材料,借助微细加工技术设计并制作了按6×6矩阵排布的柔性凸起微电极阵列．微电极直径为80μm,引线线宽40μm,电极间距为280μm,引线间距为80μm．电极位点高度约为10μm,呈明显的圆滑凸起结构特征．电极和引线表面均平整光滑,轮廓清晰,结构完好．阻抗测试结果表明：随着频率的增加,凸起微电极的阻抗呈下降趋势,显示出明显的高通特性;1kHz时凸起微电极的阻抗约为10kΩ,较具有相同基底面积的平面电极约低30％,有助于提高电极的信噪比,可望用于视网膜前假体中．柔性凸起微电极制作工艺简单,利于高效率批量制作并提高微电极的集成度．     

基于分数阶微分的视网膜血管图像增强

从分数阶微分对图像纹理细节的增强能力出发,对分数阶微分的机理进行分析,根据分数阶微积分的G-L定义推导出的差分公式与向量合成定理构建了近似的16方向分数阶微分模板,并将其应用于视网膜血管图像增强中。实验结果表明,对于纹理细节信息丰富的视网膜血管图像而言,分数阶微分对灰度变化不大的平坦区域中的纹理细节信息的提取效果明显优于整数阶微分运算。     

基于Hessian矩阵的多尺度视网膜图像增强方法

眼底视网膜图像的血管增强在眼科诊断中具有广泛的研究价值。提出了一种基于Hessian矩阵的多尺度血管增强方法,给出了应用的方案和过程,并在DRIVE眼底图像数据库上进行实验。与其他血管增强方法相比,该方案可达到相当的准确率,且在同等准确率下具有较高的鲁棒性。     

基于虚拟样机技术的下肢假肢结构设计与仿真

下肢假肢动力学问题是智能仿生人工腿(intelligent bionic artificial limb prosthesis)研究领域中的重要内容．针对智能仿生人工腿,设计下肢假肢基本结构,运用Pro/E建立下肢假肢膝踝足关节模型,进行非线性动力学分析,并考虑了关节间的摩擦问题．最后,通过ADAMS虚拟样机技术,对人体行走步态进行仿真模拟控制,为下肢假肢、步行机器人研究提供了理论基础．     

Analysis of locality of early-stage maturation in confluent state of human retinal pigment epithelial cells

Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells were cultured on the laminin-coated and plain surfaces. The measurement of local nucleus density in non-stratified region, which correlated with formation of tight junction, is the indicator of the maturation, and the parameters can be applied to the evaluation of the early-stage maturation of RPE cells in culture.