各向异性薄煤层纵波AVAZ分析

通过建立HTI型薄煤层的传播矩阵,推导了水平界面情况下含各向异性薄煤层反射系数精确计算公式,并利用该公式对含有薄HTI型各向异性煤层进行了纵波AVAZ分析。经过研究发现,当HTI型煤层为薄层时(厚度小于地震波长的1/4时),其纵波反射系数与煤层为厚层时(厚度大于地震波长)顶板的纵波反射系数规律相似,但其值不仅与上下层介质物性参数有关,还与厚度有关,可见煤层为薄层时采用经典公式反演会带来误差;薄层厚度、Thomsen等效各向异性参数和裂缝密度对纵波反射系数有较大影响,裂缝纵横比对反射系数影响较小。入射波方位角为90°时,入射波在HTI介质各向同性面,此时各向异性参数对反射系数影响最小。     

红层堆积体地区坡体结构分类

广元到巴中高速公路沿线分布有广泛的红层堆积体高边坡。红层堆积体是红层地区一种特殊的坡体结构类别,不同堆积物形成的堆积体,特别是堆积体内含大量块石夹土或孤石的情况下,结构不均匀性非常明显,堆积体自身结构松散。块石土堆积体为主要的分布最广泛的堆积类型,但沿线三种不同类型的堆积地区均有其代表性堆积体结构:古滑坡地区以粘土层下卧块石土堆积体为主;岩堆地区主要为层状堆积体;而一般性堆积体地区广泛分布有块石土粘土夹杂大孤石堆积体。对红层堆积体坡体结构在不同堆积地区的详细分类,为进一步研究红层堆积体高边坡的破坏机理和致灾模式提供了初步依据。     

内置水平管的振动流化床中混合物的临界流化速度

在内置水平管的矩形振动流化床内研究了玉米粒和塑料珠混合物(Geldart D颗粒)中的流体力学性质。考察了颗粒质量分数、振动频率、振幅和内置水平管对混合颗粒的临界流化速度的影响。实验表明,振动的加入降低了混合物的临界流化速度。根据振动流化床的动力学特性,分析床层中颗粒受力情况,建立了混合颗粒物在振动流化床中临界流化速度的两类数学模型。通过实验数据建立两种模型的关联式所得的计算值和实验值误差控制在10%以内,吻合较好。     

润滑油基础油溶剂脱蜡技术进展

介绍了国内外润滑油基础油溶剂脱蜡的主要技术,重点从溶剂、助剂、结晶器、溶剂回收等方面讨论了溶剂脱蜡技术发展,并提出了我国润滑油基础油脱蜡的开发方向。     

超重力旋转床微米级粉尘脱除的试验研究

用超细滑石粉模拟工业微米级粉尘,通过试验研究了超重力平面丝网旋转床的除尘特性。考察了旋转床在实验室不同的气体流量、液体流量、转速和平面丝网层数条件下的除尘效果,试验结果表明,气体流量600m~3/h、液体流量大于0.6 m~3/h、转速1400 r/min、轴向放置3层平面丝网时,除尘总效率大于97%,设备压力降不超过490 Pa。该旋转床具有高效除尘和低阻性能,若在硫酸净化系统中使用,预期可获得节能与高效净化效果。     

Fluidized bed spray granulation: Analysis of the system behaviour by means of dynamic flowsheet simulation

Nowadays, software tools for the flowsheet simulation of industrial processes are commonly used for design, simulation, balancing, troubleshooting and optimization purposes. Most of the tools are applicable to fluid processes only and cannot be effectively used for processes which involve solids.In this contribution we want to present the conceptual design of a new system applicable for the dynamic flowsheet simulation of complex solids processes. This system is developed as an enhancement to the existing simulation program.The novel software is able to simulate the unsteady behaviour of complex circuits of granulation processes. The transient behaviour during the start-up and changing of the process or material parameters can also be examined.As flowsheet examples, a typical spray granulation process with different schemes consisting of fluidized bed granulators, screens, mill and splitters was used. The mathematical model of the fluidized bed granulator is described by a one-dimensional population balance equation and coupled with heat and mass transfer and simple fluid dynamics.Received simulation results have shown that the proposed concept of the dynamic flowsheet simulation of granulation processes can be used effectively and has the potential to be generalized for other types of solids processes.     

Monodisperse fine aerosol generation using fluidized bed

Monodisperse, fine aerosols are needed in many applications: filter testing, experiments for testing models, and aerosol instrument calibration, among others. Usually, monodisperse fine aerosols are generated in very low concentrations, or mass flow rates, in the laboratory scale. In this work, we needed to generate aerosols with higher mass flow rate than typically available by the laboratory-scale methods, such as atomizers, nebulizers, ultrasonic generators, vibrating orifice generators, and condensation generators. Therefore, we constructed a fluidized bed aerosol generator to achieve particle mass flow rates in the range of 15-100 g/h. Monodisperse, spherical SiO₂ particles of two sizes with geometrical diameters of 1.0 and 2.6 µm were used in the aerosol generator. The aerosol generator was used at both atmospheric pressure, and at high pressures up to 5 bar (abs).The particle size, mass concentration and the net average particle charge were measured after mixing the aerosol with nitrogen. The particle size distributions with both particle sizes were monodisperse, and no particle agglomerates were entrained from the fluidized bed. The behavior of the fluidized bed generator was found to be markedly different with the two particle sizes in regard to particle concentration, presumably due to different particle charging inside the generator. After determining the net average charge of the particles, an ion source Kr-85 was used to reduce the charge of the particles. This was found to be effective in neutralizing the particles.     

Simulations of flow behavior of gas and particles in spouted bed with a porous draft tube

Flow behaviors of particles in a two-dimensional spouted bed with a porous draft plates are studied using a fluid dynamic computation with kinetic-frictional stresses models. Gas flow through the porous draft tube is simulated by Brinkman-Darcy-Forchheimer formulation. The distributions of concentration and velocities of particles are predicted. Simulated results predict the solid circulation rate and gas flux rate measured in the spouted bed with a porous draft tube (Ishikura et al., 2003). The solid circulation rate in the spouted bed with a porous draft tube is larger than that with a non-porous draft tube. The predicted bed pressure drop with the porous draft tube is high in comparison to the spouted bed with non-porous draft tube. The effect of the porosity of the porous draft tube on distributions of gas flux rate through the annulus and solid circulation rate are discussed.     

Experimental studies and empirical models for the prediction of bed expansion in gas–solid tapered fluidized beds

Studies in the expansion behaviour of tapered fluidized bed systems are important for specifying the height of the bed. Data have been obtained on the expanded heights of tapered fluidized beds and bed expansion ratios for spherical and non-spherical particles have been calculated. Based on dimensional analysis, models have been developed as a function of geometry of tapered bed, static bed height, particle diameter, density of solid and gas and superficial velocity of the fluidizing medium. The data used to derive the models cover a wide range of operating conditions, with varying fluidization velocities. Effects of static bed height, particle diameter, density, tapered angle and superficial gas velocity over minimum fluidization velocity on bed expansion ratios have been investigated experimentally. A comparison has been made between the calculated values of bed expansion ratios using proposed models and the experimental data. It has been seen that calculated values by models agree well with the experimental values. Models have also been compared with literature data of conventional bed and found its applicability at higher gas velocities with good accuracy.