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41.
References: 《中国炼油与石油化工》2007,(3):35-42
The proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR), the synchronous fluorescence spectrometry (SFS) and the ruthenium ions catalyzed oxidation (RICO) method were used to determine the chemical structure of polyaromatic nucleus in Oman residue fractions. The results of 1H-NMR analyses showed that the average numbers of aromatic rings in the aromatics, resins and asphaltenes units were 3.2, 5.6 and 8.2, respectively. SFS was used to investigate the distribution of aromatic rings in residue fractions, the main distribution range of aromatic rings in aromatics, resins and asphaltenes were 3 4 rings, 3--5 rings and more than 5 rings, respectively. The aromatic network in residue fractions was oxidized to produce numerous carboxylic acids. The types and content of benzenepolycarboxylic acids, such as phthalic acid, benzenetricarboxylic acids, benzenetetracarboxylic acids, benzenepentacarboxylic acid and benzenehexacarboxylic acid disclosed the condensed types of aromatic nuclei in the core. The biphenyl fraction (BIPH), the cata-condensed fraction (CATA), the peri-condensed fraction (PERI) and the condensed index (BCI) were calculated based on the benzenepolycarboxylic acids formed. The results implied that there was less biphenyl type structures in all residue fractions. The aromatics fraction was almost composed of the cata-condensed type system, and the asphaltenes fraction was wholly composed of the peri-condensed type system, while in the resins fraction co-existed the two types, herein the peri-con- densed type was predominant over the cata-condensed type. Based on the analytical results obtained in the study, the components --aromatics, resins and asphaltenes -- were given the likely structural models. 相似文献
42.
43.
Posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents exposed to family violence: I. Overview and issues.
Exposure to child physical abuse and parents' domestic violence can subject youth to pervasive traumatic stress and can lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article presents evolving conceptualizations in the burgeoning field of trauma related to family violence exposure and describes how the often repeating and ongoing nature of family violence exposure can complicate a PTSD diagnosis. In addition, recent literature indicates that children exposed to family violence may experience problems in multiple domains of functioning and may meet criteria for multiple disorders in addition to PTSD. Considerations salient to the recognition of traumatic stress in this population and that inform assessment and treatment planning are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
44.
The problem of managing water scarcity by resorting to complex interconnected multi-source water systems needs to utilize
management optimization techniques analyzing aspects of water quantity and quality in a common strategy. In the southern regions
of Mediterranean Europe, the greater part of water resources for supply systems are derived from artificial reservoirs and
water systems can become quite complex since they interconnect several sources and demand centers, as indeed occurs in the
Region of Sardinia (Italy). A simplified approach to the requirement to insert water quality aspects in the mathematical optimization
model can be achieved by examining the trophic conditions of reservoirs. Trophic State Indexes (TSI) based on Carlson’s (1977) make it possible to insert quality constraints in the water management optimization model also considering complex multi-reservoir
and multi-user systems. Model formalization and implementation by the optimization toolkit WARGI (Water Resource system optimization
aided by Graphical Interface) (Sechi and Zuddas 2000; Manca et al. 2004; Salis et al. 2005) is illustrated in this paper. The usefulness of a mixed quantity–quality optimization approach has been confirmed by WARGI
application to a real multi-reservoir water resources system in southern Sardinia. The optimization model remains computationally
efficient dealing with this complex multi-reservoir system and the obtained results can be seen as a reference target in a
subsequent simulation phase. 相似文献
45.
D. L. Cotrell A. J. Kearsley 《Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology》2007,112(3):153-161
In this work, optimal shaft shapes for flow in the annular space between a rotating shaft with axially-periodic radius and a fixed coaxial outer circular cylinder, are investigated. Axisymmetric steady flows in this geometry are determined by solving the full Navier-Stokes equations in the actual domain. A measure of the flow field, a weighted convex combination of the volume averaged square of the L2-norm of the velocity and vorticity vectors, is employed. It has been demonstrated that boundary shape can be used to influence the characteristics of the flow field, such as its velocity component distribution, kinetic energy, or even vorticity. This ability to influence flow fields through boundary shape may be employed to improve microfluidic mixing or, possibly, to minimize shear in biological applications. 相似文献
46.
Herbert S. Bennett 《Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology》2007,112(4):209-221
In this paper, we present the theory for calculating Raman line shapes as functions of the Fermi energy and finite temperatures in zinc blende, n-type GaAs for donor densities between 1016 cm−3 and 1019 cm−3. Compared to other theories, this theory is unique in two respects: 1) the many-body effects are treated self-consistently and 2) the theory is valid at room temperature for arbitrary values of the ratio R = (Q2/α), where Q is the magnitude of the normalized wave vector and α is the normalized frequency used in the Raman measurements. These calculations solve the charge neutrality equation self-consistently for a two-band model of GaAs at 300 K that includes the effects of high carrier concentrations and dopant densities on the perturbed densities of states used to calculate the Fermi energy as a function of temperature. The results are then applied to obtain the carrier concentrations from Fermi energies in the context of line shapes in Raman spectra due to the coupling between longitudinal optical phonons and plasmons. Raman measurements have been proposed as a non-destructive method for wafer acceptance tests of carrier density in semiconductor epilayers. The interpretation of Raman spectra to determine the majority electron density in n-type semiconductors requires an interdisciplinary effort involving experiments, theory, and computer-based simulations and visualizations of the theoretical calculations. 相似文献
47.
袁永强 《有色冶金设计与研究》2003,24(3):39-42
结合工程实例,对采用传统的短木桩加新兴的土工合成材料——土工网及碎石垫层构成复合基础,处理河岸挡墙软基进行探讨,该方法在软土层厚度不超过4.0m的条件下,技术可靠,施工简单,工期短,造价低。 相似文献
48.
TiO2 andCeO2 aresemiconductormaterials .TiO2hasthepropertiesofphoto catalysis[1] whileCeO2 hastheabilityofoxygenstorageandcanpromotethedispersionofprecionsmetalsonthesupporter[2 ] .CeO2 TiO2 com plexcompoundwasusedascatalystandspecialfunction almaterial[3~ 5] .ThetraditionalsynthesisofCeO2 TiO2complexcompoundisbyceramicmethodthatusesoxidesasrawmaterialsanditiscalcinedabove 130 0℃[6~ 8] .However ,thestructureandmicrostructureofthecomplexcompoundarenotsuitableforcatalystandfunctionalm… 相似文献
49.
50.
对导热油加热炉炉壁温度升高的原因进行了分析,介绍了新型复合内衬的特点,并对其技术特点、施工工艺及应用效果进行了简单阐述。 相似文献