论黑人作家笔下的智慧长者形象--从《看不见的人》中的祖父到《宠儿》中的祖母

拉尔夫·埃里森和托妮·莫里森都是美国当代著名的黑人作家,《看不见的人》和《宠儿》分别是两者的代表作品,备受学术界推崇,至今已有许多学者对这两部作品进行研究,但是对于其中的智慧长者形象的研究却依然空白。本文将对《看不见的人》中的祖父和《宠儿》中的祖母进行详细的分析,并通过对比,总结男女黑人作家笔下的智慧长者形象的异同。     

马斯洛人本主义心理学与老子道家思想

马斯洛在吸收中国传统道家文化的基础上,丰富与完善其人本主义心理学及超过人心理学的思想体系。他深深领会老子道论的精华,为西方人找列一条回归精神家园之路。通过挖掘老子道家思想的人学意蕴,比较马斯洛心理学与老子道家思想,可为东西方文化在现代心理学体系的碰撞找到契合点。     

Effect of γ-irradiation on bioactivity, fatty acid compositions and volatile compounds of clary sage seed (Salvia sclarea L.)

Clary sage seeds (Salvia sclarea L.) were obtained from plants cultivated, and 2.5, 4.0, 5.5, and 7.0 kGy doses of γ-irradiation were applied to the clary sage seeds. They were then analyzed for their protein, ash, oil and dry matter contents, and fatty acid composition. Additionally, the total phenolic contents, antiradical, antioxidant activities, and volatile compounds of the clary sage seed extract were determined. There was no significant difference in protein content. However, the moisture, oil, and ash contents of the samples were affected by irradiation. While the 7 kGy dose had a positive effect on the total phenolic content and antiradical activity of the sage seed extract, all doses have negative effects on the antioxidant activity of the sage seed. The main fatty acid of the sage seed was remarkably found as α-linolenic acid. The four irradiation levels caused significant differences in fatty acid composition by affecting all fatty acids except palmitic, palmitoleic, and eicosenoic acids. The dominant volatile compounds of control sage seed were found as β-pinene (18.81%) and limonene (15.60%). Higher doses of the irradiation decreased volatile components of sage seed. Clary sage seed including high omega-3 can be irradiated with low doses (≤ 2.5 kGy) of γ-irradiation. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Clary sage is one of the most popular Salvia species in Turkey and many countries. Clary sage seed has approximately 29% oil content and this oil contains >50% of α-linolenic acid. γ-Irradiation is widely applied in the preservation of spice quality. The present study shows that the antioxidant activity of the clary sage seed is decreased by γ-irradiation. Additionally, higher doses of irradiation also decreased the volatile components of sage seed. Therefore, we suggest that clary sage seed which includes high levels of omega-3 should be irradiated with low doses (≤ 2.5 kGy) of γ-irradiation.     

Comparative analysis of clary sage (S. sclarea L.) oil volatiles by GC–FTIR and GC–MS

The comparative analysis of volatiles in essential oil by gas chromatography–Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (GC–FTIR) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) are investigated using a DB-wax capillary column. This technique is applied to allelochemicals present in volatiles. The identification analysis of volatile components in four kinds of clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) oil is described. The GC–FTIR information obtained is complementary to the information obtained from GC–MS. With the IR subtractive spectrum technique, the GC overlap peaks can be resolved without further separate step on the other column of different polarity. Combined with GC–FTIR, GC–MS techniques, and linear retention indices (RI) of the volatile compounds, the reliability of qualitative analysis is greatly enhanced.