Chia Seed Oil Prevents High Fat Diet Induced Hyperlipidemia and Oxidative Stress in Mice

Hyperlipidemia is a common cardiovascular disease. At present, the influence of high fat diet (HFD) on this is being explored. Recently, vegetable oils rich in omega‐3 have been reported that can treat hyperlipidemia caused by HFD. However, the effects of chia seed oil (CSO) on HFD‐induced hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress are poorly studied. Hence, in this study, the effects of CSO on hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress induced by HFD in mice are analyzed by various commercial kits, section staining, and protein expression. The results show that CSO decreases body weight and organ index. Meanwhile, CSO reduces serum lipid levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. It can also elevate superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and reduce malondialdehyde content in serum and liver. The results of histopathological analysis prove that CSO improves hepatic steatosis and reduces lipid deposition. Further, the results of western blot demonstrate that CSO upregulates the expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a in the liver. As a result, CSO may be a potential lipid‐lowering oil to prevent and treat HFD‐induced hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress. Practical Applications CSO, as a byproduct of chia seed processing, is a rich source of α‐linolenic acid. This study investigates the effects of CSO on HFD‐induced hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in mice. It is concluded that dietary CSO can improve the hyperlipidemia in HFD‐induced mice via analysis of lipid parameters, histopathology study of the liver, and lipid metabolism related genes. In addition, supplementation of CSO also can improve the oxidative stress in mice. Therefore, CSO can be used for the prevention of hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress. This research provides a theoretical basis for the comprehensive development and utilization of functional chia seed oil.     

Composition of Rice Bran Stearin from Various Refineries Across China

In this study, we evaluated the composition of rice bran stearin (RBS) from various refineries across China. Here, we report the physicochemical parameters of RBS. The slip melting point ranged from 20.8 to 35.3 °C. The free fatty acid content (0.05–0.27 %) and peroxide value (0.34–3.70 mequiv oxygen/kg) was quite low, indicating that the RBS was of good quality. The iodine value ranged from 85.8–102.9 g/100 g, indicating a high unsaturated bond content. There was a significant difference in the unsaponifiable matter content (1.20–3.87 %) among RBS samples. The oxidative stability index (OSI) ranged from 0.56 to 5.85 h. The palmitic acid content in RBS refined by molecular distillation was significantly higher than the RBS that was refined physically and chemically. The major triacylglycerol was LLO/OLL, PLL/LPL, OLO, PLP, OOO and POO (L, linoleic acid; O, oleic acid; P, palmitic acid). RBS contained high levels of micronutrients, including total tocopherols (23.3–117.9 mg/100 g), oryzanol (0.1–2.1 %), and total sterols (682.9–1787.3 mg/100 g). Moreover, three different kinds of solid fat curves were distinguished. The results presented here are probably the first report regarding RBS on an industrial scale, meanwhile the potential utilization of RBS is discussed.     

Clarity of blends of double-fractionated palm olein with low-erucic acid rapeseed oil

Double-fractionated palm olein (DfPOo) fractions with iodine values (IV) of 60 and 65 were each blended with low-erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oil in various proportions. Clarities of the blends at different temperatures were determined. Maximum levels of DfPOo-IV60 and DfPOo-IV65 in blends that remained clear at 20°C for at least 120 d were 40 and 80%, respectively. At 15°C, the maximum levels were 10 and 40%, and at 10°C, 10 and 20%, respectively. At 5°C, only a blend of 10% DfPOo-IV65 in LEAR remained clear for 120 d. Maximum levels of DfPOo-IV60 and DfPOo-IV65 in blends that passed the cold test were 30% for both palm oleins. Maximum levels of the palm oleins in blends with LEAR were higher than those of blends with soybean oil. Cloud points were lower in palm olein/LEAR blends than those of palm olein/soybean oil blends, probably because LEAR contains less saturated fatty acids than soybean oil.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱鉴别潲水油方法研究

通过湿法消解和温水浸提处理样品市售合格食用油和不同来源潲水油样品后,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱检测样品金属元素含量。结果显示：不同来源潲水油和合格食用油Na、Al等金属元素含量检测结果比较差异有统计学意义（p〈0.05）;温水浸提法处理潲水油样品后用ICP-MS法检测Na、Al等金属元素含量,可满足不同来源潲水油样品和样品快速检测需求。     

CO_2超临界萃取技术提取中药有效成分

本文较系统地介绍了CO2 超临界萃取技术提取中药有效成分的优点 ,重点讲述了已工业化的几项提取过程 ,突出了该技术提取中药水溶性有效成分的应用前景     

Determination ofcis andtrans-Octadecenoic acids in margarines by gas liquid chromatography-infrared spectrophotometry

A combined capillary gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and infrared spectrophotometry (IR) method is described for the determination ofcis andtrans-octadecenoic acids in margarines made from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. The totaltrans-unsaturation of margarine fatty acid methyl esters determined by IR, with methyl elaidate as the external standard, was correlated to the capillary GLC weight percentages of the componenttrans fatty acid methyl esters by the mathematical formula: IRtrans=%18∶1t+0.84×%18.2t+1.74×%18∶2tt+ 0.84×%18∶3t where 0.84, 1.74 and 0.84 are the correction factors which relate the GLC weight percentages to the IRtrans-equivalents for mono-trans-octadecadienoic (18∶2t),trans, trans-octadecadienoic (18∶2tt) and mono-trans-octadecatrienoic (18∶3t) acids, respectively. This formula forms the basis for the determination of totaltrans-andcis-octadecenoic acids in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. From the weight percentages of 18∶2t, 18∶2tt and 18∶3t determined by capillary GLC on a cyanosilicone liquid phase and the totaltrans-unsaturation by IR, the percentage of the totaltrans-octadecenoic acids (18∶1t) is calculated using the formula. The difference between the total octadecenoic acids (18∶1), determined by capillary GLC, and the 18∶1t gives the totalcis-octadecenoic acids. Presented in part at the 81st Annual Meeting of the American Oil Chemists' Society, Baltimore, Maryland, April 22–25, 1990.     

Supplemental Conjugated Linoleic Acid Consumption Does Not Influence Milk Macronutrient Contents in all Healthy Lactating Women

The term “conjugated linoleic acid” (CLA) refers to a group of positional and geometric isomers that are derived from linoleic acid and are found primarily in meat and milk products from ruminant animals. Due to the array of putative benefits associated with various forms of CLA, there has been recent interest in supplementing human diets with these fatty acids especially when weight loss is desired. However, in many animal models, CLA has been shown to decrease milk fat production. There is some concern, therefore, that maternal CLA supplementation during lactation might inadvertently decrease nutrient supply to the nursing infant. However, there is only limited research on the effect of CLA consumption on milk fat content in women. Based on previously published work from our laboratory, we hypothesized that CLA supplementation would reduce the milk fat percentage in lactating women in a dose-dependent manner. Breastfeeding women (n = 12) were assigned randomly to treatments of 4 g/day safflower oil (SFO), 2 g/day CLA plus 2 g/day SFO, or 4 g/day CLA in a double blind, 3 × 3 Latin square design. Conjugated linoleic acid supplements contained approximately equal amounts of cis9,trans11–18:2 and trans10,cis12–18:2; the two most common isoforms of CLA. Milk was collected by complete breast expression on the last day (day 5) of each intervention period and analyzed for macronutrient and fatty acid composition. On day 4 of each intervention period, infant milk consumption was estimated by 24 h weighing of the infant. Washout periods were 9 days in length. We observed a dose-dependent increase in the concentrations of cis9,trans11–18:2 and trans10,cis12–18:2 in the milk fat. However, we detected neither a change in overall macronutrient composition nor infant milk consumption. These data do not support those obtained from animal models or our previous human work suggesting that consumption of CLA mixtures necessarily reduces milk fat. It is possible that either (1) the interpretation of our previously published data should be reevaluated, and/or (2) there are important intra- and inter-species differences in this regard.     

Consumption of c9,t11-18:2 or t10,c12-18:2 enriched dietary supplements does not influence milk macronutrients in healthy, lactating women

Substantial research suggests that the t10,c12–18:2, but not the c9,t11–18:2, isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces milk fat synthesis in lactating bovine and rodent species. Because fat is the major energy-yielding component in human milk, we were interested in whether this is true for women as well. Thus, the effects of c9,t11–18:2 and t10,c12–18:2 on milk fat were examined in breast-feeding women (n = 12) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study with latin-square design. The study was divided into six periods: baseline (3 days), three intervention periods (5 days each), and two washout periods (9 days each). During each intervention period, women consumed 750 mg/day of a supplement containing predominantly c9,t11–18:2, t10,c12–18:2, or 18:1 (olive oil placebo). Milk was collected by complete breast expression on the final day of each period. Infant milk consumption was estimated by 24 h weighing on the penultimate day of each intervention and washout period, and maternal adiposity (% body fat) was determined at baseline using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Milk c9,t11–18:2 and t10,c12–18:2 concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) during the corresponding CLA treatment periods as compared to the placebo period, providing strong evidence of subject compliance. Both CLA isomers were transferred into milk fat at relatively high efficiency; average transfer efficiency was estimated to be 23.3%. Compared to the placebo treatment, milk fat content was not reduced during either CLA treatment. Data indicate that body fatness did not modify any putative effect of isomeric CLA consumption on milk fat concentration. The evidence from this study suggests that the sensitivity of lactating women’s mammary tissue to an anti-lipogenic effect of the t10,c12–18:2 isoform of CLA may be less than previously hypothesized.     

Contribution of triglycerides from cocoa butter to the physical properties of milkfat fractions

Milkfat was separated into major chainlength fractions by solid-phase extraction. The effect on thermal behavior and texture of replacing both saturated and monounsaturated long-chain triglycerides from milkfat by long-chain monounsaturated triglycerides with an unsaturated fatty acid in thesn-2 position is reported. Increasing proportions of cocoa butter were added to fractions of short-to medium-chain triglycerides (C₂₂−C₄₄) and medium- to long-chain triglycerides (C₃₆−C₄₈) isolated from milkfat. Thermal behavior and texture of the mixtures were measured. Results indicated that long-chain monounsaturated triglycerides from cocoa butter enhanced co-crystallization and co-operative melting and did not induce polymorphic transitions upon crystallization and melting of the fractions. At 4°C, they acted as texture builder if present in proportions of more than 30%, whereas below this level, they acted as texture softeners. The effect of the long-chain monounsaturated triglycerides on the texture of fractions that melt at low temperature could not be predicted from the proportion of solid fat at that temperature. Presented at the 1995 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo, San Antonio, Texas, May 1995.