Influence of the preparation conditions on the properties of gold catalysts for the oxidation of glucose

In this work, two deposition–precipitation methods for the preparation of gold catalysts for glucose oxidation were investigated. Thus far, gold colloids immobilized on carbon have been used for catalytic glucose oxidation, but the long-term stability of these systems was not sufficient. To improve the long-term stability we used the deposition–precipitation methods using NaOH (DP NaOH) or urea (DP urea) as precipitation agents as they were described by Haruta and Dekkers, respectively, using alumina as a support material. With these methods, it was possible to prepare highly active and selective catalysts which showed an excellent long-term stability. DP urea was found to be the preferred method, because in contrast to DP NaOH, no losses of gold occurred during the preparation, and it was possible to adjust various gold contents up to 10 wt% Au.     

Separation of 1,3-propanediol from glycerol-based fermentations of Klebsiella pneumoniae by alcohol precipitation and dilution crystallization

The separation of 1,3-propanediol from the glycerol-based fermentation broth of Klebsiella pneumoniae plays an important role during the microbial production of 1,3-propanediol. In this paper, the separation of 1,3-propanediol from fermentative broth by a combination of ultrafiltration and alcohol dilution crystallization was investigated. The broth was first filtered by ultrafiltration, and 99% of cells, 89.4% of proteins and 69% of nucleic acids were removed. The obtained broth was further condensed by vacuum distillation, and then alcohol was added. The macromolecular impurities, such as nucleic acids, polysaccharides and proteins, were precipitated, and inorganic and organic salts were crystallized. The optimal volume ratio of alcohol added to the condensed fermentation broth was determined to be 2:1. As a result, proteins, nucleic acids and electric conductivity decreased by 97.4%, 89.7% and 95.8%, respectively, compared with the fermentative broth. The influences of pH and water content in condensed broth on alcohol precipitation and dilution crystallization were also investigated. The experimental results indicated that alcohol precipitation and dilution crystallization was feasible and effective for the separation of 1,3-propanediol from actual fermentation broth. Translated from The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering, 2006, 6(3): 454–457 [译自: 过程工程学报]     

室温强塑性变形中铝合金时效析出相的演变

采用硬度测量、透射电镜和X射线衍射等试验方法,探讨了在室温不同强塑性变形下Al-Zn-Mg-Cu、Al-Cu、Al-Mg-Si三种铝合金时效析出相的演变.结果表明,强烈塑性变形能引起绝大部分析出相产生室温回溶,形成过饱和固溶体;每种析出相再溶解的次序不同,先驱相（如GP区、亚稳相）回溶所属的变形程度小于稳定相.     

含铌钼钢中微合金碳氮化物沉淀析出及其强化机制

利用物理化学相分析法、透射电镜、能谱分析和X射线衍射分析了两种热轧态的含铌钼低碳钢中微合金碳氮化物析出相的成分、形貌以及粒度分布等特征,结果表明,含铌钼低碳钢中钼可与铌一起析出,形成具有NaCl型面心立方结构的碳氮化铌钼析出相,且0．081Nb-0．14Mo钢和0．17Nb-0．12Mo钢的MC析出相中钼与铌的原子比分别为0．41和0．22。在这两种钢的MC析出相中小于10nm的碳氮化铌钼的质量分数分别为58．4％和66．1％,这些纳米颗粒呈弥散分布,其沉淀强化增量分别为179．3MPa和257．7MPa。并对钼铌复合析出的机制进行了讨论。     

低碳微量铌钢形变过程中动态相变的特点

用热模拟变形实验研究了低碳微量铌钢形变中的动态相变以及形变后冷却中的相变行为,透射电镜观察了Nb（CN）的析出及对铁素体晶粒截径和体积转变量的影响。结果表明：含Nb钢动态相变中铁素体形核位置依次为原奥氏体晶界、铁素体,奥氏体的相界前沿直至奥氏体晶内,随着细小的应变诱导Nb（CN）析出在基体上弥散分布,铁素体的转变量大幅增加并且其相变长大趋势得到有效抑制,使得铁素体的长大在时间和空间上均受到限制,是一个以形核为主的过程,相变完成后铁素体晶粒截径约为2舯;而形变后冷却相变工艺中铁素体的形核位置主要为奥氏体晶界以及形变带,而大量弥散分布的Nb（CN）析出对细化铁素体晶粒的作用并不明显,是一个形核长大的过程,最终得到的铁素体晶粒截径约为7μm。     

FV520(B)钢时效组织和力学性能分析

通过透射电镜、电子拉伸、示波冲击试验，分析了马氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢FV520（B）850℃油淬后分别在560、600和630℃时效后的组织和力学性能。结果表明，淬火态FV520（B）钢560℃和600℃时效处理后，组织均为过时效马氏体＋残余奥氏体，但细微组织有较大的差别，630℃时效处理后，组织为过时效马氏体＋马氏体＋残余奥氏体；560℃时效后强度最高；三种时效温度下，FV520（B）均具有较高的冲击韧度，600℃时效后冲击韧度最高；时效温度对FV520（B）冲击韧度的影响主要决定于其对塑性变形功（Ad）的影响。     

介孔CeO2的化学沉淀法合成及表征

以硝酸铈(Ce(NO3)3.6H2O)、碳酸铵((NH4)2CO3.H2O)为原料,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板剂,采用化学沉淀法合成了一系列具有不同孔径的介孔CeO2粉末,使用X射线衍射(XRD)、差示/热重(DSC/TG)、BET孔性能测试、透射电镜(TEM)及红外光谱(IR)分析等手段对合成产物进行了分析和表征,探讨了CTAB与Ce的摩尔比、反应温度、焙烧温度和时间对孔径大小和比表面积的影响。在CTAB与Ce的摩尔比为1∶1、反应温度为80℃、焙烧温度为300℃、焙烧时间为1 h条件下,制得了比表面积为132 m2/g的介孔CeO2。     

FV520(B)钢时效组织和力学性能分析

通过透射电镜、电子拉伸、示波冲击试验,分析了马氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢FV520(B)850℃油淬后分别在560、600和630℃时效后的组织和力学性能。结果表明,淬火态FV520(B)钢560℃和600℃时效处理后,组织均为过时效马氏体+残余奥氏体,但细微组织有较大的差别,630℃时效处理后,组织为过时效马氏体+马氏体+ 残余奥氏体;560℃时效后强度最高;三种时效温度下,FV520(B)均具有较高的冲击韧度,600℃时效后冲击韧度最高;时效温度对FY520(B)冲击韧度的影响主要决定于其对塑性变形功(Apl)的影响。     

Effects of secondary carbide precipitation and transformation on abrasion resistance of the 16Cr-1Mo-1Cu white iron

The relationship between secondary carbide precipitation and transformation of the 16Cr-1Mo-1Cu white iron and abrasion resistance were investigated. The results show that secondary carbide precipitation and transformation at holding stage play an important role in the hardness and abrasion resistance. After being held for a certain time at 853 K for subcritical treatment, the grainy secondary carbide, (Fe,Cr)₂₃C₆, precipitated first and then Fe₂MoC or MoC carbides precipitated in the alloy, both of which improve the bulk hardness and abrasion resistance of the alloy. The reasons for these improvements are the secondary carbide precipitates from the austenite and the retained austenite transforms into the martensite, both make the matrix strengthen. So the matrix has more effective support to the harder eutectic carbide against exterior abrasion. With expanding the holding time, the in situ transformation from the granular (Fe,Cr)₂₃C₆ carbide into laminar M₃C carbide causes the formation of the pearlitic matrix and an associated decrease of the alloy abrasion resistance.