煤层注气强化开采流固耦合效应研究

为准确表征煤层气藏强化开采过程中的复杂地质力学效应,同时考虑多孔介质全组份多过程物质运移特征,构建了煤层气藏强化开采全流固耦合数学模型,开发了相应的数值模拟算法,并据此进一步剖析了地质力学效应以及注入气组成对孔渗参数及注采指标的影响。结果表明,有效应力效应与基质膨胀/收缩作用均可显著地影响孔隙度与渗透率,但两者作用方向相反,注入CO2诱发的基质膨胀可使注入井附近渗透率损失近90%。随着杨氏模量的增大或者基质形变强度的降低,CO2突破时间提前,导致煤层气产量及CO2埋存量降低。研究成果可为煤层气产能准确预测及高效开发提供技术支持。     

CO2咸水层封存关键参数及其实验表征技术研究进展

CO₂咸水层封存作为碳捕集、利用与封存(carbon capture, utilization and storage, CCUS)技术的重要一环,是实现碳中和目标的有效手段,完善咸水层封存机理研究方案对于准确评估CO₂咸水层封存潜力具有重要意义。讨论了CO₂咸水层封存机理,总结了实验过程中常用的表征技术,论述了不同参数对咸水层封存的影响,并对该技术的未来发展做出了展望。针对不同的封存机理研究,咸水层封存的表征技术主要包括储层岩石表征、岩心驱替实验、溶解性实验、矿化反应实验等。CO₂咸水层封存潜力受残余水饱和度、残余气饱和度、溶解度和盐析程度等多个参数的影响,因此选用合适的表征技术确定相关参数对于确保封存潜力评估的准确性至关重要。此外,开展全过程封存机理分析和海上咸水层封存项目研究是该技术未来研究的重要方向。     

注入温度对增强型地热系统性能的影响研究

基于考虑增强型地热系统(EGS)流体损失的三维传热传质数值模型,将热提取速率定义为与注入温度无关的函数,对比分析注入温度对以CO₂为工质的EGS(CO₂-EGS)和以水为工质的EGS(H₂O-EGS)的性能的影响。结果发现:对于CO₂-EGS,较高的注入温度抑制热开采和CO₂损失(即CO₂封存);对于H₂O-EGS,较高的注入温度促进热开采,同时导致较大的水损失。当热提取速率被大部分研究者定义为与注入温度相关的函数时,注入温度对CO₂-EGS和H₂O-EGS的热开采性能的影响将分别被高估和低估。     

A realistic framework to a greener supply chain for electric vehicles

The quantity of electric vehicles in the transport sector has steadily risen over the last 10 years. Most developed countries and China have laid out ambitious plans for electric vehicles penetration. However, there are several challenges that must be addressed on the supply‐chain side of the problem for a successful transition toward an alternative and less environmentally harmful transport system. This study proposes a methodology for the optimal plan and decision making of primary energy sources, electricity generation, electricity distribution to vehicles' charging stations, carbon capture and sequestration, and electric vehicles' charging stations network to satisfy the electricity demand of the overall economy including electric vehicles at a regional/countrywide level under operation and green constraints. The optimization problem was modeled as a mixed integer program in general algebraic modeling system (GAMS). The formulation was employed to propose the upcoming electricity supply chain for electric vehicles in the most populous German state (North Rhine‐Westphalia) in 2025. The optimization show that fossil‐based power still controls the generation in 2025, while carbon capture and sequestration along with higher renewable penetration help meeting the state's greenhouse gases (GHG) emission target. The charging stations network expansion consists of 12 820 charging points mainly alternating current (AC) chargers (22‐kW capacity).     

赤泥固化二氧化碳潜力与研究进展

赤泥是铝工业氧化铝生产过程产生的大宗固体废弃物,具有产量大、碱性强、颗粒细等特点,赤泥的综合利用依然是亟待解决的问题。二氧化碳的封存是解决碳排放问题的重要途径之一,赤泥吸收二氧化碳是缓解温室效应、降低赤泥碱性的一种可行性方法。介绍了二氧化碳矿化封存研究现状和赤泥的来源与特性,在总结赤泥吸收固化二氧化碳研究的基础上,分析了赤泥对二氧化碳的吸收能力与固化特性,对赤泥固化二氧化碳存在的问题与挑战进行了探讨,从而为赤泥的综合利用和二氧化碳固化封存研究提供指导。     

Carbon Sequestration through CO2 Foam-Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Green Chemistry Perspective

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) via carbon dioxide (CO₂) flooding has received a considerable amount of attention as an economically feasible method for carbon sequestration, with many recent studies focusing on developing enhanced CO₂ foaming additives. However, the potential long-term environmental effects of these additives in the event of leakage are poorly understood and, given the amount of additives injected in a typical CO₂ EOR operation, could be far-reaching. This paper presents a summary of recent developments in surfactant and surfactant/nanoparticle-based CO₂ foaming systems, with an emphasis on the possible environmental impacts of CO₂ foam leakage. Most of the surfactants studied are unlikely to degrade under reservoir conditions, and their release can cause major negative impacts on wildlife. With recent advances in the use of additives (e.g., nonionic surfactants, nanoparticles, and other chemicals) the use of harsh anionic surfactants may no longer be warranted. This paper discusses recent advances in producing foaming systems, and highlights possible strategies to develop environmentally friendly CO₂ EOR methods.     

Hostplant Suitability and Defensive Chemistry of the Catalpa Sphinx, Ceratomia catalpae

The growth and survival of the Catalpa sphinx, Ceratomia catalpae (Sphingidae), were measured on five different species of Catalpa: C. bignonioides, C. bungeii, C. fargeseii, C. ovata, and C. speciosa. Larval growth varied significantly among these host plant species; however, survival did not differ. Quantification of the iridoid glycoside content of larvae, pupae, adults, larval frass, and leaves of the larval host plant, C. bignonioides, by gas chromatography showed that leaves contained both catalpol and catalposide; larvae, pupae, and frass contained only catalpol; and the adults contained no detectable iridoid glycosides. Amounts were highest in the larvae and declined in the pupal stage. Very small amounts of catalpol were detected in adults of the parasitoid, Cotesia congregata, and in the silken cocoons. The hemolymph in which the parasitoid larvae grew contained over 50% dry weight catalpol. Larvae of C. catalpae often regurgitate when disturbed. This may serve as a defense against predators. A comparison of the growth of larvae pinched with forceps to induce regurgitation with those that were not so treated showed that larvae that were pinched, and usually regurgitated, grew significantly more slowly than those that were not.     

Sequestration of host plant-derived compounds by geometrid moth, Milionia basalis, toxic to a predatory stink bug, Eocanthecona furcellata

A predatory stink bug, Eocanthecona furcellata, died after feeding on Milionia basalis larvae. The compounds toxic to E. furcellata were isolated from the hemolymph of M. basalis larvae and identified as inumakilactone A, nagilactone C, and nagilactone C glucoside. The concentrations of inumakilactone A, nagilactone C, and nagilactone C glucoside in the hemolymph of the final instar larvae were 130, 50, and 770 g/ml, respectively. Nagilactone C showed the highest insecticidal activity against second-instar nymphs of E. furcellata, while nagilactone C glucoside showed the lowest, one twentieth of that of nagilactone C. When mixed compounds were given at the same concentrations as those in hemolymph of M. basalis, all nymphs of E. furcellata died with in three days. Inumakilactone A and nagilactone C were found to be in the leaves of podocarp, Podocarpus macrophyllus, the only host plant of M. basalis, at concentrations of 13 and 175 g/g fresh weight, respectively. However, no nagilactone C glucoside was detected in the leaves of this species. These results suggested that M. basalis may transform nagilactone C to its glucoside.     

Allocation of pederin during lifetime ofPaederus rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): Evidence for polymorphism of hemolymph toxin

Pederin, a hemolymph toxin found in the rove beetle genusPaederus, is quantified in individual specimens ofP. fuscipes andP. riparius. Whereas males always contain only small quantities of the toxin (0.1–1.5 µg), females are not so restricted (0.2–20.5 µg) and in most cases possess roughly 10-fold that in males. There are, however, females containing as little pederin as the males, and so two clearly separate groups of females can be discerned. These two groups hint at two types of females defined by the eggs they lay. About 85% of the females, i.e., those containing much of the substance, transfer pederin into every egg and thus are denoted (+)-females. The remaining 15%, the (–)-females, contain at best small amounts of the toxin, which is transferred in minute quantities into the first eggs while the subsequent ones lack pederin. With respect to the pederin content of their eggs, there is no overlap between these two types of females. If fed with pederin, (–)-females can transfer it into the eggs like (+)-females. After hatching the larvae store pederin when present. Larvae are not able to biosynthesize the toxin on their own, but storage of that received in the egg is very efficient, and the difference between larvae with and without pederin is preserved until imaginal eclosion. In (+)-females, pederin increases, probably reflecting a biosynthetic capacity, but in males and presumptive (–)-females the amount of pederin never exceeds the quantity transferred by parental (+)-females. Consequently, males and (–)-females probably are unable to biosynthesize pederin. This polymorphism of females may have a genetic basis. Individuals of all stages nevertheless sequester pederin if it is supplied with the diet.     

低渗油藏CO_2驱中注采方式优化设计

低渗油藏储层致密,衰竭与注水效果差,由于CO_2具有易流动、降黏、体积膨胀的特点,在解决低渗透油藏开发方面表现出独特的优势.讨论了低渗油藏CO_2驱中的注采方式,分析了目前常用的连续注气、水气交替和生产井控制等注采方式的优缺点,提出应综合考虑原油采收率、CO_2埋存量、经济效益及其在低渗油藏中的适用性.并针对以上方法的不足提出了另外3种改进注采方式,通过油藏工程研究、典型模型和实例油藏的数值模拟进行测试分析,表明改进的依据生产井气油比和平均静压两种指标实施开关井控制的CO_2驱注采方法能够满足低渗油藏注气能力需要,且具有开发周期短、油藏采收率高、CO_2埋存潜力大等特点,油田实施简易,能够取得较好经济、社会效益.