大港孔店油田本源微生物代谢产物监测分析

应用放射性同位素示踪剂技术研究了大港孔店北二断块水动力学关系,结果表明该区块注水井和采油井之间具有紧密的水动力学连通关系。在本源微生物驱油试验阶段,对试验区微生物及其代谢物在地层中的分布状况进行了3年连续监测,表明本源菌激活期间菌数增加102~105倍,原油部分氧化,使得低分子脂肪酸(乙酸盐,甲酸盐,丁酸盐等)含量约增加10~100倍,碳酸氢盐从0·4~0·6g/L增加到0·7~1·8g/L,产生的生物表面活性剂使地层水平均表面张力降低至48~33·3mN/m,地层水相对石蜡平均界面张力降至25~13·7mN/m,产生的生物多糖代谢物使地层水平均粘度增至0·76mPa·s,最高达0·83mPa·s。这些变化改变了油层物理化学和生态环境,改善了原油流动性,尤其是水动力学连通关系最好的井地层水组成的改变和增油降水效果最为明显。试验区监测结果表明,微生物及代谢物随注入水主流动方向运移,生物表面活性剂和低分子脂肪酸及生物聚合物的作用是提高原油采收率的主要机理。     

Analysis of supercritical carbon dioxide extracts from cones and leaves of a Humulus lupulus L cultivar

Extracts obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of cones and leaves of hop (Humulus lupulus L) at different combinations of temperature and pressure were analysed for their α- and β-acids and volatiles, using HPLC and GC respectively. The yield and composition of the mixtures of bitter compounds from the cones were largely influenced by the temperature and pressure applied during the extraction. Bitter compounds could not be detected in the extracts from the leaves. The most important volatile components identified were β-myrcene, β-caryophyllene and α-humulene. The extraction parameters also influenced the composition of the mixture of volatiles from the cones and leaves, 40°C and 20.0 MPa being optimum for the extraction of both bitter compounds and volatiles, which are thought to be important for the aroma of beer.     

中国煤系气共生成藏作用研究进展

煤系气共生共探与共采受到我国天然气行业的高度关注,勘探与开发试验已经取得了一定的成效。在分析煤系气地质条件特殊性的基础上,从煤系砂岩储层致密化机理、煤系气共生组合及成藏要素配置、煤系含气系统叠置性等方面,评述了我国煤系气共生成藏作用的研究进展。研究结果表明:(1)煤系气地质条件的特殊性表现在3个方面——煤系气赋存态和储层岩石类型具有多样性,其成藏效应与常规砂岩气有所不同;煤系沉积序列旋回性极强,气、水分布关系复杂多变;煤系砂岩储集体在广覆式泥质岩中镶嵌展布。(2)煤系富有机质特性以及烃源岩生气过程产生的有机酸,是煤系砂岩储层致密化的重要诱因,煤系砂岩气可能具有部分自生自储及吸附气的成藏特点,并可在一定程度上改善砂岩储层的物性。(3)煤系沉积特点决定了煤系气成藏效应主要取决于生烃强度、运移方式与输导体系、地层流体能量、区域有效盖层等4个方面,特殊的输导体系使得烃源岩生成的天然气在复杂的源储系统中得以重新分配,这是煤系气共生成藏的重要基础。(4)含气系统叠置性是煤系气地质研究的前缘方向之一,近年来发展了测井响应识别技术和含气系统叠置性判识方法,发现煤系存在3种典型流体压力曲线类型,并初步应用于煤系气共采有利层段的优选。     

西门子雷达物位计在抚顺石化洗涤剂厂的成功应用

介绍了一种采用四线制、24GHz、连续调频技术的雷达液位计——西门子Sitrans LR400,它成功解决了抚顺石化洗涤剂厂的脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚储仓的物位测量难题。     

An Effective Approach for High‐Efficiency Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells by Using Bifunctional DNA Molecules Modified Photoanode

This paper firstly reports the effect of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules extracted from chickpea and wheat plants on the injection/recombination of photogenerated electrons and sensitizing ability of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). These high‐yield DNA molecules are applied as both linker bridging unit as well as thin tunneling barrier (TTB) at titanium dioxide (TiO₂ )/dye interface, to build up high‐efficient DSSCs. With its favorable energy levels, effective linker bridging role, and double helix structure, bifunctional DNA modifier shows an efficient electron injection, suppressed charge recombination, longer electron lifetime, and higher light harvesting efficiency, which leads to higher photovoltaic performance. In particular, a photoconversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.23% is achieved by the binary chickpea and wheat DNA‐modified TiO₂ (CW@TiO₂) photoanode. Furthermore, time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy measurements confirm a better electron transfer kinetics for DNA‐modified TiO₂ photoanodes, implying a higher electron transfer rate (k_ET). This work highlights a great contribution for the photoanodes that are linked with DNA molecule, which act as both bridging unit and TTB to control the charge recombination and injection dynamics, and hence, boost the photovoltaic performance in the DSSCs.     

How to direct the fatty acid biosynthesis towards polyhydroxyalkanoates production?

Microorganisms are believed to be a promising feedstock for the production of many by-products (lactic acid, single cell proteins, bioethanol, polyunsaturated fatty acids) that can resolve the putative problems and cover a wide range of industrial applications. Among these components, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and fatty acids (FA) are seen as typical materials for more studies and production. In fact, PHA and FA biosynthesis share the same metabolism, where (R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA is a common intermediate that resulted from β-oxidation. Under this directive, FA metabolism is considered as versatile pool for PHA, hence many efforts have been focussed on directing the metabolism of microorganisms for the production of one of the components in question. In fact, the choice of final product is assumed to be a balance between genetic and metabolic regulation. Thus, special attention has been paid in this review for the ongoing research on FA or PHA production and the potential metabolic routes enhancing lipid production have also been extensively discussed.     

Analytical evaluation of different carbon sources and growth stimulators on the biomass and lipid production of Chlorella vulgaris – Implications for biofuels

The key challenges in lipid production from marine microalgae include the selection of appropriate strain, optimization of the culture conditions and enhancement of biolipid yield. This study is aimed at evaluating the optimal harvest time and effect of chlorella growth factor (CGF) extract, carbon sources and phytohormones on the biomass and lipid production in Chlorella vulgaris. CGF, extracted using hot water from Chlorella has been reported to possess various medicinal properties. However, in the present study, for the first time in C. vulgaris, CGF was found as a best growth stimulator by enhancing the biomass level (1.208 kg m⁻³) significantly on day 5. Gibberellin and citrate augmented the biomass by 0.935 kg m⁻³ and 1.025 kg m⁻³. Combination of CGF and phytohormones were more effective than CGF and carbon sources. Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters indicated that the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids is higher in cytokinin, abscisic acid and CGF, and are also rich in short chain carbon atoms, ideal criteria for biodiesel. Nitrogen starvation favoured synthesis of more unsaturated fatty acids than saturated. This study shows that CGF enhances the biomass and lipid significantly and thus can be used for large scale biomass production.     

A two-stage,two-organism process for biohydrogen from glucose

_H2${\mathrm{H}}_2$ can potentially be produced in a two-stage biological process: the fermentation of glucose by Escherichia coli HD701 and the photofermentation of the residual medium by Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U. 001. In a typical batch fermentation, E. coli   consumed glucose and produced _H2${\mathrm{H}}_2$, organic end-products and biomass. Organic end-products and residual glucose were removed during subsequent photofermentation by R. sphaeroides  , with associated growth and neutralization of pH. However, photoproduction of _H2${\mathrm{H}}_2$ did not occur during photofermentation of the residual liquor per se due to the presence of fixed nitrogen compounds. Nevertheless, this two-stage approach could be applied to dispose of sugar-containing industrial wastes, _H2${\mathrm{H}}_2$ being used for on-site power generation.     

Correlation of phenolic acid content of maize to resistance toSitophilus zeamais,the maize weevil,in CIMMYT'S collections

The (E)-ferulic acid content of the grain of nine populations of land races of maize derived from CIMMYT's collections was found to be negatively correlated to susceptibility characteristics towards the maize weevilSitophilus zeamais. Correlation coefficients for six susceptibility parameters and (E)-ferulic acid content were significant and ranged from –0.58 to –0.79. A multiple regression analysis by the SAS forward procedure using the primary seed characteristics associated with susceptibility indicated that the ferulic acid content was the only significant factor in explaining variation in at least two susceptibility parameters: the Dobie index and adult preference. In 15 CIMMYT pools, correlations between four susceptibility parameters and (E)-ferulic acid content were also significant (–0.76 to –0.81). The results suggest that phenolic acid content is a leading indicator of grain resistance or susceptibility to insects and may represent a newly identified mechanism of resistance.     

Surface activity of the lipid products hydrolyzed with lipase and phospholipase A-2

We examined thein vitro surface activity, immersional wettability and adhesional wettability shown by aqueous solutions of soy lysophospholipid (SLP)/monoglyceride (MG)/fatty acid (FA), SLP/FA and SLP/MG, and found that many lipid mixtures showed significant surface activity when their MG and FA components consisted of polyunsaturated FA and/or medium chain FA. The more unsaturated the FA, the higher the surface activity. A mixture of SLP/medium chain fatty acid MG (medium chain MG)/medium chain FA showed the highest surface activity, and was comparable to an Aerosol-OT surfactant, the most effective wetting agent. SLP/polyunsaturated FA monoglyceride (polyunsaturated MG)/polyunsaturated FA, SLP/medium chain FA, and SLP/polyunsaturated FA, SLP/medium chain MG, and SLP/polyunsaturated MG also showed a high degree of activity. Wettability decreased rapidly when the amount of saturated, long chain FA moieties increased. It is recognized that the degrees of unsaturation and the chain length of FAs in the lipid mixtures have a decisive influence on surface activities. Higher ratios of MG and FA to SLP gave higher activity; and solubilizers such as bile salts were necessary to dissolve them in water.