受限式阵列射流过冷沸腾的可视化实验研究

以43%质量浓度的乙二醇水溶液为工质,针对5 mm×32 mm的加热面,采用孔径1 mm,孔间距和孔径比值为4(孔数为7),射距和孔径比值为5的一维阵列射流结构,对受限式射流过冷沸腾进行了可视化实验研究。结果发现,由于加热面朝下,沸腾气泡由于浮力紧贴壁面,而阵列射流引起的横流冲刷作用也不足以吹跑气泡,因此,在一定的热流密度下,当靠近加热表面的气液界面上的蒸发和受过冷液体冲击的气液界面上的凝结取得动态平衡时,将形成一定大小和分布规律的稳定气泡。随着热流密度的增加,气泡长大、合并,并最终形成覆盖整个壁面的"气垫",导致临界热流密度的发生。射流速度较小时,射流无法对加热面形成有效的直接冲击,气泡首先在整个加热面的中间形成;而在射流速度较大时,由于壁面射流的"对冲效应",气泡在两股射流的中间形成,因为那里的冷却最弱。     

PCEC-CaO-SiO_2-P_2O_5杂化材料

采用分子量为1 500的聚乙二醇(PEG)为大分子引发剂,引发ε-己内酯开环聚合,合成了分子量为2 900、3 400、4 700的端羟基的聚己内酯-聚乙二醇-聚己内酯(PCEC)嵌段共聚物,并用异氰酸基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(IPTS)将该共聚物端羟基修饰。红外结果表明,该聚合物在3 440、1 732、1 242、1 106cm-1等处有羟基、酯键、醚键的特征峰,与IPTS反应后在3 350cm-1、1 531cm-1处出现了N—H的伸缩振动峰和(N—H)+(C—N)的弯曲振动峰,证实了PCEC以及端基为三乙氧基硅基的PCEC结构。采用溶胶-凝胶法将该产物与生物玻璃前躯体进行反应,获得PCEC-CaO-SiO2-P2O5有机-无机杂化材料。PCEC-CaO-SiO2-P2O5杂化材料在模拟体液(SBF)中浸泡24h后,表面就开始覆盖钙磷沉淀物。XRD测试结果表明,PCEC-CaO-SiO2-P2O5杂化材料表面覆盖的沉淀物主要成分为羟基磷灰石,表面沉积物随着杂化材料中亲水性成分的增加而增加。力学性能测试表明,随着高分子中PEG含量的增加,PCEC-CaO-SiO2-P2O5有机-无机杂化材料的压缩模量从6.9 MPa上升到65 MPa。细胞毒性表明,PCEC-CaO-SiO2-P2O5杂化材料对细胞没有明显的毒性。     

镁铝水滑石纳米片可控制备及其吸附性能研究

在聚乙二醇(PEG)存在的条件下,通过一步水热法合成了晶相单一的六方片状镁铝水滑石层状双氢氧化物(LDH)。采用XRD、SEM、TEM、FT-IR、N2吸附、UV-Vis紫外-分光光度计和zeta电位仪等对产物进行了表征。考察了PEG活性剂对水滑石形貌及性能的影响。结果表明,添加活性剂改性后制备的六边形水滑石纳米片形貌规整均一,宽约几微米,厚度约为100~200 nm,纳米片间易形成交叉支撑结构,分散性好,比表面积为203.5 m2/g。在室温,焙烧后的Mg AlLDO对浓度为100 mg/L的刚果红30 min内去除率可达97%,饱和吸附量为243.5 mg/g。     

酚醛树脂基新戊二醇磷酸酯阻燃剂的合成及其性能研究

通过用新戊二醇磷酰氯对线型酚醛树脂(PF)酚羟基实行磷酰化封端处理,制备了线型PF基新戊二醇磷酸酯(NDMPP)阻燃剂,将其应用于阻燃PA6。采用核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)、核磁共振磷谱(31P NMR)和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)表征了NDMPP的结构,采用热重(TG)分析研究其热分解行为,采用极限氧指数(LOI)和UL 94测试其阻燃PA6材料的阻燃性能,采用万能材料试验机和冲击试验机测试阻燃材料的力学性能。1H NMR,31P NMR和FTIR结果表明,线型PF中大约82%的羟基被磷酰化,NDMPP中的磷含量约为11.9%。TG分析结果表明,NDMPP阻燃剂在氮气气氛下起始分解温度超过250℃,600℃的残炭率达到43.5%,显示出良好的热稳定性。当NDMPP质量分数为25%时,其阻燃的PA6达到UL 94 V–0等级,LOI达到33.4%,而拉伸强度、缺口冲击强度、弯曲强度和弯曲弹性模量分别为纯PA6的76%,41%,72%和71%。     

Wet‐driven shape‐memory behaviors and thermal adaptability of cotton knitted fabrics containing crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) moieties

Cotton knitted fabrics were treated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in the presence of polyhydric alcohol etherified dimethylol dihydroxy ethylene urea as the crosslinker and magnesium chloride hexahydrate as the catalyst. In wet–dry cycles, the fabrics treated with 30% PEG1500 in the presence of 15% crosslinker and 3% catalyst showed obvious wet‐driven shape‐memory behaviors in terms of a 12% shrinkage rate in the wet state and a 80% shrinkage‐recovery rate in the dry state. The results of weight gain, morphological structures, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and X‐ray diffraction pattern tests confirmed PEG deposits on the surface of the treated fabrics, demonstrated the crosslinking of cotton cellulose with PEG and crosslinker, and also explained the wet‐driven shape‐memory mechanism. The results from differential scanning calorimetry show that the treated fabrics with wet‐driven shape‐memory behaviors had a phase‐change enthalpy and heat‐storage capacity. The crosslinking of cotton cellulose with PEG had a strong influence on the mechanical performance and air permeability of the cotton knitted fabrics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43473.     

不同拓扑结构PEG-PCL嵌段共聚物的结晶研究

合成了不同拓扑结构的聚乙二醇-聚己内酯(PEG-PCL)嵌段共聚物,共聚物结构分别为AB型线性两嵌段(diblock)、ABA型线性三嵌段(triblock)、AB_2型星形(star shape)嵌段共聚物。通过表征发现嵌段共聚物的分子量与设计的分子量接近,且相对分子量分布窄。通过XRD、DSC、热台偏光显微镜(HSPOM)研究了拓扑结构对共聚物结晶的影响。ABA聚合物中间的PEG亲水链受到两端PCL链段阻碍,其结晶衍射峰最弱。三者的等温结晶速率按AB、AB_2、ABA的速率递减,形成的球晶结构规整度则逐渐增加。     

纳米铝/氧化铜复合材料的制备及热性能

以聚乙二醇(PEG)为模板制备了纳米氧化铜。以一种高分子材料为包覆材料自组装制备了纳米铝/氧化铜(Al/CuO)复合材料。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)等对材料的结构形貌进行了表征。利用热重分析法(TG)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)对比研究了自组装法(含包覆材料)与超声共混法(不含包覆材料)制得样品的热性能。研究了不同Al与CuO摩尔比下Al/CuO复合材料的放热量。结果表明,纳米铝与CuO发生铝热反应的放热峰约为576.4℃,放热量达1 093J/g。含有包覆材料的复合材料比不含包覆材料的复合材料具有更大的放热量。在纳米铝与CuO摩尔比为1.0∶1.2时铝热反应放热量最大,可达1 093J/g。     

The effect of monoethylene glycol on the stability of water-in-oil emulsions

It is important from both a strategic and economic standpoint to study the mechanism of formation of water/oil emulsions, to predict their increase of viscosity with respect to that of the crude oil, and to obtain information about the stability vs separation of these substances (since their presence can impair oil processing and distribution). The objective of this work was to ascertain the influence of monoethylene glycol (MEG) on these parameters and its action mechanism. The addition of MEG in different proportions in the oil emulsions significantly changed the flow curve of the emulsion, passing from a quasi-Newtonian one to a shear thinning behaviour. Besides this, when MEG was present at low concentrations, the demulsification process was slow and an increase in concentration made the emulsions more stable than samples containing the same aqueous phase proportion. Under the conditions studied, the addition of MEG did not reduce the quantity of the aqueous phase separated compared to the emulsions free of MEG, but significantly delayed the demulsification process. Rheology provided important information regarding the phase separation process of the aqueous phase in oil phase emulsions, and dynamic testing suggested that the most relevant effect of the addition of MEG is an increase of the emulsion elasticity that can be correlated with the increase in the emulsion stability observed by bottle test and Turbiscan.     

煤制乙二醇关键单元技术与低碳集成工艺的研究进展

我国乙二醇对外依存度居高不下,而富煤少油的资源特性使得我国煤制乙二醇技术具有较好的成本与原料优势,发展迅速。本文综述了国内外煤制乙二醇技术的技术现状和发展趋势,重点介绍了煤气化、草酸二甲酯合成和乙二醇合成与精制等关键单元技术的技术特征、工艺流程和技术进展,并分析了相关单元对整个煤制乙二醇系统技术经济性能的影响。针对现有煤制乙二醇技术存在能耗高、质能效率低和CO₂排放大的问题,着重讨论了集成CO₂高效利用的煤与富氢资源联供制乙二醇集成工艺的进展,包括耦合焦炉气、页岩气和绿氢等资源的新工艺等。以焦炉气为例,集成不同重整技术的新工艺使得传统工艺的碳效率和?效率分别提升了23.35%~39.17%和4.25%~10.12%,生产成本降低了8.73%~19.88%,内部收益率提高了3.6%~9.6%。因此,集成富氢资源与CO₂高效利用的煤制乙二醇创新工艺是该行业向高效-经济-清洁可持续发展的重要方向。     

Friction and Wear Reduction Mechanism of Polyalkylene Glycol-Based Engine Oils

Polyalkylene glycols (PAG) have been explored as a possible base stock for engine oil formulation. The friction, wear, and load-carrying capacity of five different PAG chemistries were evaluated either as a base stock or as formulated oils in pure sliding and sliding-rolling conditions using various laboratory bench test rigs operating under boundary and mixed lubrication regimes. The results were compared against GF-5 SAE 5W-20 and a mineral-based oil. The wear surfaces were also characterized using various surface-sensitive techniques for analysis of tribofilms to understand the mechanism of friction reduction. The results indicated that PAG oils show lower friction/traction coefficients and improved load-carrying capability, depending on the formulation, than those of the GF-5 SAE 5W-20 and mineral-based oil. The adsorption of PAG molecules on the surface appeared to be responsible for the lower friction characteristics.