Synthesis of polyurethane resins and its improvement on dimensional stability and finishing performances of medium‐ and small‐diameter softwoods

This study analyzed the effects of polyurethane (PU) resin treatments on surface homogeneity, dimensional stability, and finishing performances of medium‐ and small‐diameter softwoods produced in Taiwan. Two‐pack PU resins were prepared by combing short castor oil‐modified alkyd resin serving as a polyol with polymeric 4,4′‐diphenymethane diisocyanate (PMDI) serving as a hardener, by the molar ratio of NCO/OH+COOH of 1.2. Four types of short oil‐modified alkyd resins with different polyhydric alcohols (glycerin and pentaerythritol) and polybasic acids (phthalic anhydride and isophthalic acid) were synthesized. Three kinds of medium‐ and small‐diameter softwoods, including China fir, Taiwanina, and Japanese fir with a diameter of 10–15 cm were obtained from Hui‐Sun Forest Station, Taiwan. The wood coating of nitrocellulose (NC) lacquer including sanding sealer and top clear was used. Results show that the surface hardness, homogeneity, moisture excluding efficiency, and antiswelling efficiency of woods were enhanced by PU resin treatments. Among all the PU resins, the isophthalic acid and pentaerythritol‐containing PU resin (IPA‐P‐MDI) achieved the best improved efficiency on dimensional stability of woods. Results of two types of finishing procedure, i.e. NC lacquer sanding sealer plus top clear and top clear only, applied onto the PU‐treated woods revealed that the hardness, adhesion, and durability of NC lacquer films on the PU‐treated wood were superior to those of untreated one, especially for top clear finishing alone. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

软木干燥中湿空气和过热蒸汽的外部传热

In kiln drying of softwood timber, external heat and moisture mass transfer coefficients are important in defining boundary temperature and moisture content at the wood surface. In addition, superheated steam drying of wood is a promising technology but this has not been widely accepted commercially, partially due to the lack of understanding of the drying phenomena occurred during drying. In this work, experimental investigation was performed to quantify the heat transfer between wood surface and surrounding moist air or superheated steam. In the experiment, saturated radiata pine sapwood samples were dried using dry-bulb/wet-bulb temperatures of 60℃/50℃,90℃/60℃, 120℃/70℃, 140℃/90℃, 160℃/90℃, 140℃/100℃ and 160℃/100℃. The last two schedules were for superheated steam drying as the wet-bulb temperature was set at 100℃. The circulation velocity over the board surface was controlled at 4.2 m·s-1. Two additional runs (90℃/60℃) using air velocities of 2.4 m·s-1 and 4.8 m·s-1were performed to check the effect of the circulation velocity. During drying, sample weight and temperatures at wood surface and different depths were continuously measured. From these measurements, changes in wood temperature and moisture content were calculated and external heat-transfer coefficient was determined for both the moist air and the superheated steam drying.     

HIGH TEMPERATURE DRYING OF WOOD SEMI-INDUSTRIAL KILN EXPERIMENTS

We briefly introduce the main results obtained in our laboratory about high temperature drying kinetic of softwood and hardwood. We point out during drying the acceleration effect of pressure gradient in vapour phase which develops in the wood.

Then we give the main experimental results carried out on a small industrial kiln which can dry wood boards with moist air and superheated steam at high temperature till 180°C and velocity above to 6 m/s. The drying process is completely automated. Tested species are : beech, poplar, fir and maritime pine.

We show that the drying kinetics are almost the same using the industrial kiln or the wind tunnel and we define for different board thicknesses, temperatures and velocities the optimal sequences of the process. The influence on the quality of the pretreatment, the various drying periods and the post-steaming is of importance.     

提高纸浆和纸质量的新方法——用温和的高锰酸钾溶液处理成浆

报导了用高锰酸钾溶液处理漂白针叶木浆和蔗渣浆,以提高纸浆和纸质量,用0.25%～2%高锰酸钾(以纸浆重量为基准)溶液漂白后打浆的浆料明显改进纸页性质,即提高裂断长和白度。漂白针叶木浆经温和的高锰酸钾溶液处理可降低聚合度(DP)32%,氧化后半纤维素和较低DP浆料起着提高纸页强度作用,裂断长增加25%。漂白蔗渣浆经温和的高锰酸钾处理也能提高纸页裂断长和白度。     

硝化剂及预处理条件对软木NC氮量及其分布影响

以加拿大针叶木为原料、采用硝硫混酸和HNO3/CH2Cl2两种硝化剂分别制备了A、B、C、D级硝化纤维素(NC)样品,通过偏光显微镜分析测试了其含氮量及氮量分布(硝化均匀性)。同时采用不同的高压闪爆预处理条件,对针叶木进行预处理,比较了闪爆对高氮量B、低氮量D级NC的含氮量及氮量分布,系统研究了硝化剂体系组成及原料预处理条件对NC的含氮量及其分布影响规律。结果表明,在同样氮量级别,HNO3/CH2Cl2硝化体系比HNO3/H2SO4/H2O得到的NC氮量分布更均匀,A、B、C与D级NC的均匀性分别提高17.46%、16.98%、16.77%和25.79%;同一硝化剂体系,闪爆有利于硝化剂向软木纤维素纤维束内部扩散,能提高NC含氮量及氮量分布均匀性,B级NC,其均匀性提高6.06%,D级NC则提高7.56%。     

两种纤维素酶水解漂白针叶木纤维能力的比较

采用复合纤维素酶Celluclast 1.5L和内切纤维素酶Novozym 476等分别对漂白针叶木纤维进行了水解实验.通过对比两种酶的酶活力大小以及水解后纤维得率的变化情况,分析比较了两种纤维素酶水解纤维素纤维的能力大小.其结果显示:纤维素酶Celluclast 1.5L具有较高的滤纸酶活,而纤维素酶Novozym 476具有较高的CMC酶活.经纤维素酶Celluclast 1.5L水解处理后,随着酶用量的增加或酶处理时间的延长,纤维得率急速下降,当酶用量为20.0FPU/g、水解时间为2h时,纤维得率约为81%;当酶用量为10.0FPU/g、水解时间为48h时,纤维得率仅为55.34%,这说明纤维素酶Celluclast 1.5L对纤维素具有很强的水解作用,它不仅可以作用于纤维素的无定形区,同时也可以作用于纤维素的结晶区.纤维素酶Novozym 476亦能使纤维素发生一定程度的水解,但催化水解能力远低于纤维素酶Celluclast 1.5L,当Novozym 476用量为50.0CMCU/g时,仅有5%左右的纤维素水解成为葡萄糖.     

ZnCl2水溶液制备纤维素膜的研究

以针叶浆为原料,ZnCl2水溶液为溶解溶剂,制备再生纤维素膜。利用单因数实验分析了纤维素膜制各过程中浆浓、反应温度、溶解时间对纤维素膜强度的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件为浆浓3％、反应温度90℃、溶解时间为2h。并通过X-射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、扫描电镜（SEM）分析,比较经ZnCl2水溶液处理前后纤维的结构和性能变化,发现ZnCl2水溶液是纤维素的非衍生化溶剂,经ZnCl2水溶液处理后的纤维素已由纤维素I转换为纤维素II,制备的再生纤维素膜具有一定的强度,且具有多孔性的特征。     

汽蒸-冷碱法制备溶解浆的研究

研究并开发了汽蒸与冷碱处理相结合(汽蒸-冷碱法)将漂白硫酸盐针叶木浆升级至溶解浆的技术。探讨了汽蒸处理过程中,汽蒸压力、维压时间、浆浓对汽蒸浆的黏度、抗碱性(R_(10))、得率以及废液p H值的影响;考察了冷碱处理过程中,碱浓、温度、处理时间对溶解浆的黏度、抗碱性(R_(10))、多戊糖含量及得率的影响。结果表明,汽蒸压力是影响汽蒸处理效果最重要的因素,维压时间次之,浆浓最小;碱浓是影响冷碱处理效果最重要的因素,温度次之,处理时间最小。汽蒸处理的适宜工艺条件为:浆浓40%,汽蒸压力0. 6 MPa,维压时间25 min;冷碱处理的适宜工艺条件为:浆浓20%,碱浓12. 5%,温度20～40℃,处理时间1 h。在此条件下制备得到的溶解浆各项性能为:黏度398 mL/g,抗碱性(R_(10)) 92. 2%,多戊糖含量3. 87%,白度86. 1%,达到了QB/T 4898—2015中针叶木溶解浆优等品的质量指标。     

酶预处理对漂白针叶木浆打浆性能的影响

用纤维素内切酶N476对3种不同的漂白针叶木浆进行预处理实验,获得打浆度、保水值等表征纤维特性的数据,并对这些数据进行分析对比.结果表明,细胞壁薄、细胞腔大、纤维较长的原料经酶处理后纤维滤水性、润湿性、纤维表面积相对增加较快,在相同的磨浆转数下打浆度增加幅度大.