多功能复合微生物菌剂对污泥堆制营养土的影响

为了研究外源微生物对营养土堆制过程的影响程度,选择多功能复合微生物菌剂(MCMP-Ⅱ)开展污泥堆制营养土的试验.试验结果表明:MCMP-Ⅱ的添加增加了总氮的损失,降低了碱解氮的转化效率,大幅度提高了有效磷含量及发芽指数增加率,但对总磷、钾含量的增加率提高较小.总氮、碱解氮与MCMP-Ⅱ、其他营养指标及发芽指数均呈负相关,其他各指标之间呈正相关;在0.05水平下菌剂与总氮呈显著负相关,发芽指数与总磷、有效磷呈显著正相关;而在0.01水平下,菌剂与碱解氮呈极显著负相关.MCMP-Ⅱ能够加快总氮中氮元素状态的转化,同时对磷元素转化的影响亦较大,其中存在反硝化及提高有效磷转化效率的菌种.MCMP-Ⅱ对污泥堆制营养土过程中营养物质及发芽指数的影响排序为碱解氮>总氮>发芽指数>总磷>有效磷>钾.     

小麦代谢组学技术及研究进展

代谢组学是继基因组学和蛋白质组学之后新发展的一门学科,真正反映在生物体内已经发生的生命活动,揭示生物体在特定时间、特定条件下的整体功能性状态,为生物体内在规律的研究提供信息,在植物学研究中得到广泛关注。本研究主要介绍了代谢组学常用的高通量检测技术(如核磁共振、气相色谱-质谱联用、超高压液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱联用等)、数据分析方法、检索数据库等,对比了不同检测方法的优缺点。小麦作为世界上的主要的粮食作物之一,在代谢组学方面也有相关研究。本文重点概述了发芽小麦代谢组学的研究现状,通过分析代谢物及小麦理化性质,揭示了小麦萌发的主要能量来自糖酵解,同时增加有益活性成分,为了解在代谢水平上的谷物种子萌发的生化机制及代谢产物发生的系列变化提供了理论基础。     

Taxonomic importance of spore morphology in Thelypteridaceae from Northern Pakistan

Spore morphology of Thelypteridaceae species growing in Malakand Division, Northern Pakistan, was studied using both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The taxa are Christella dentata and Glaphyropteridopsis erubescens in the subfamily Thelypteridoideae, and Phegopteris connectilis, Pseudophegopteris pyrrhorhachis, and Pseudophegopteris levingei in the subfamily Phegopteridoideae. The studied species exhibit differences in spore size, exospore thickness, color, and ornamentation. Spores of the studied species are monolete and medium‐sized, and shape is ellipsoidal in both polar and equatorial views. The average measurement of the polar diameter ranges from 27 μm to 31 μm, whereas in the equatorial direction it varied from 20 μm to 40 μm. The exospore thickness ranges from 1.2 μm to 2.4 μm. Reticulate, laevigate with microgranules, cristate, and coarsely echinate surface ornamentation are observed among the species. Multivariate analysis including unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean and principal component analysis was used for the grouping and discrimination of species and genera.     

Enzyme activity during germination of different cereals: A review

The germination process increases enzymatic activity. However, this does not occur in the same way in all cereals. It depends on the type of enzyme, the cereal, and the conditions of germination. During germination, most enzymes are localized in the aleurone layer and the scutellum. Some of them, such as xylanases, proteases, and β-glucanases, are also localized in the endosperm while β-glucanases and lipases have been identified in the embryo. The maximum activity of the enzymes in most cereals start from day 4 of germination. Germination allows the hydrolysis of macromolecules and compounds like β-glucans and phytic acid. In cereals, starch is the component that presents the most morphological changes. Germination mobilizes and increases the activity of some enzymes. Temperature, steeping time, and variety are determining factors in the activation time. At higher temperatures, the enzymatic activation is generally faster; however, there are some exceptions. The use of germination could be a promising resource for modifying grain properties and increase enzymatic activity; also, this process is simple and economical.     

Bedding and bedding management practices are associated with mesophilic and thermophilic spore levels in bulk tank raw milk

Mesophilic and thermophilic spore-forming bacteria represent a challenge to the dairy industry, as these bacteria are capable of surviving adverse conditions associated with processing and sanitation and eventually spoil dairy products. The dairy farm environment, including soil, manure, silage, and bedding, has been implicated as a source for spores in raw milk. High levels of spores have previously been isolated from bedding, and different bedding materials have been associated with spore levels in bulk tank (BT) raw milk; however, the effect of different bedding types, bedding management practices, and bedding spore levels on the variance of spore levels in BT raw milk has not been investigated. To this end, farm and bedding management surveys were administered and unused bedding, used bedding, and BT raw milk samples were collected from dairy farms (1 or 2 times per farm) across the United States over 1 yr; the final data set included 182 dairy farms in 18 states. Bedding suspensions and BT raw milk were spore pasteurized (80°C for 12 min), and mesophilic and thermophilic spores were enumerated. Piecewise structural equation modeling analysis was used to determine direct and indirect pathways of association among farm and bedding practices, levels of spores in unused and used bedding, and levels of spores in BT raw milk. Separate models were constructed for mesophilic and thermophilic spore levels. The analyses showed that bedding material had a direct influence on levels of spores in unused and used bedding as well as an indirect association with spore levels in BT raw milk through used bedding spore levels. Specific bedding and farm management practices as well as cow hygiene in the housing area were associated with mesophilic and thermophilic spore levels in unused bedding, used bedding, and BT raw milk. Notably, levels of spores in used bedding were positively related to those in unused bedding, and used bedding spore levels were positively related to those in BT raw milk. The results of this study increase the understanding of the levels and ecology of mesophilic and thermophilic spores in raw milk, emphasize the possible role of bedding as a source of spores on-farm, and present opportunities for dairy producers to reduce spore levels in BT raw milk.     

Sporulating behavior of Bacillus licheniformis strains influences their population dynamics during raw milk holding

To understand the role of strain variability, population dynamics of 2 strains of Bacillus licheniformis, ATCC 6634 and ATCC 14580, were modeled as a function of temperature (4.0–12.0°C) and duration (0–72 h) using regression analysis. Based on the initial spiking of vegetative cells (approximately 4.0 log cfu/mL) and spores (approximately 2.0 log cfu/mL), regression equations, elucidating B. licheniformis growth behavior during raw milk holding at low temperature, were obtained. Contour plots were developed to determine the time-temperature combinations, keeping the population changes to less than 1.0 log. In vegetative cell spiking study of B. licheniformis ATCC 6634 (S1), cell population changes remained below 1.0 log up to 72 h at 8°C. For B. licheniformis ATCC 14580 (S2), 1.0 log shift was not observed only after 80 h at 8°C, indicating higher multiplication potential of S1 as compared with S2. As S2 was a readily sporulating strain, the vegetative spiking study showed spore formation at different storage temperatures. Evidence of some parallel germination was observed for this strain at 8°C or higher, when raw milk samples were spiked with spores. The experimental values obtained for sporeformers and spore counts were validated with contour plot-generated values. Overall, for raw milk samples predominated by the low sporulating strain, the contour plots suggested holding at 8°C or below for up to 72 h. In the case of the readily sporulating strain (S2), raw milk could be held at 8°C for 80 h, where little or no sporulation is observed. Sporulation behavior, germination and multiplication ability, strain variability, and temperature and duration of holding raw milk influenced the population dynamics of Bacillus species. However, in the presence of equivalent numbers of both types of sporulating strains in raw milk, despite strain variability, holding milk at 8°C for not more than 72 h would keep any cell population changes below 1.0 log. In addition, under these storage conditions, the population would remain as vegetative cells that are likely to be inactivated by pasteurization. The contour plots, so generated, would help predict the population shifts and define optimum holding conditions for raw milk before further processing.     

米曲霉菌种选育中原生质体制备方法的研究

米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)是一种好气性真菌,在生长过程中可以产生多种酶,广泛的应用于食品发酵工业中。因此,米曲霉优良菌株的选育有着重要意义和实用价值。围绕原生质体制备的方法,重点阐述了菌丝和孢子制备原生质体的优缺点以及破壁酶的选择,为米曲霉菌种选育提供理论支持和技术帮助。