High‐order finite elements applied to the discrete Boltzmann equation

A discontinuous Galerkin approach for solving the discrete Boltzmann equation is presented, allowing to compute approximate solutions for fluid flow problems. Based on a two‐dimensional high‐order finite element and an explicit Euler time stepping scheme, the D2Q9 model is discretized and the results are compared to the exact solution of the Navier–Stokes equation. Four numerical examples are considered, including stationary and instationary problems with curved boundaries. It is demonstrated that the proposed method allows to obtain the desired, highly efficient exponential convergence. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Two‐phase thermo‐mechanical and macrosegregation modelling of binary alloys solidification with emphasis on the secondary cooling stage of steel slab continuous casting processes

As an approach towards a better modelling of solidification problems, we introduce a thermo‐mechanical and macrosegregation model that considers a solidifying alloy as a binary mixture made of a liquid and a solid phase. Macroscopic conservation laws for mass, momentum and solute are obtained by spatial averaging of the respective microscopic conservation equations. Assuming local thermal equilibrium, a single equation for the conservation of the mixture energy is then written. A single equation can be obtained for the solute as well by invoking a proper microsegregation rule. The numerical implementation in a two‐dimensional finite element code is then detailed. Lastly, some examples of simulations of academic tests as well as industrial applications for continuous casting of steel slabs are discussed. They particularly enlighten the ability of the formulation to describe the formation of central macrosegregation during the secondary cooling of slab continuous casting processes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preservation of strawberries by modified atmosphere packages with other treatments

The impact of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), in combination with ozone treatment and an edible film coating, on the preservation of strawberries was studied. A combination of 2.5% O₂ with 15% CO₂ was the optimum gas composition for the MAP of strawberries and prolonged shelf‐life by 4–6 days. When the strawberries were pre‐treated with a 4.3 mg/m³ ozone water dip and an edible coating prior to packaging, the shelf‐life was extended to 8–10 days. The results showed that two treatments [No.1: polyvinyl alcohol 134 (2%); monostearatacylglycerol (0.5%); phytic acid (0.05%); sorbitol (0.05%); sodium alginate (0.1%); absolute alcohol (8%): No.2: polyvinyl alcohol 134(1%); soluble starch (1%); glucose (1%); sucrose (1%); sodium alginate (0.1%); sorbitol (0.05%)] gave the best effects on strawberry quality and shelf‐life. All treatments (Nos 1–4) were obviously superior to check experiments for soluble sugar, ascorbic acid, acidity and anthocyanin. Furthermore, the treatments gave superior results for browning index, commodity ratio and permeability of the cell membrane. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Classes of Split‐plot Response Surface Designs for Equivalent Estimation

When planning an experimental investigation, we are frequently faced with factors that are difficult or time consuming to manipulate, thereby making complete randomization impractical. A split‐plot structure differentiates between the experimental units associated with these hard‐to‐change factors and those that are relatively easy‐to‐change. Furthermore, it provides an efficient strategy that integrates the restrictions imposed by the experimental apparatus into the design structure. In this paper, several industrial and scientific examples are presented to highlight design considerations when a restriction on randomization is encountered. We propose classes of split‐plot response designs that provide an intuitive and natural extension from the completely randomized context. For these designs, the ordinary least‐squares estimates of the model are equivalent to the generalized least‐squares estimates. This property provides best linear unbiased estimators and simplifies model estimation. The design conditions that provide equivalent estimation are presented and lead to design construction strategies to transform completely randomized Box–Behnken, equiradial and small composite designs into a split‐plot structure. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

冷轧酸洗破鳞辊装置的失效分析与改进

宝钢分公司2030冷轧酸洗机组在开卷机处装配有一套破鳞辊装置用来提高酸洗效果.该装置投入使用后,由于破鳞辊处带钢跑偏严重、带钢张力波动过大,一直无法正常使用.通过对同步轴刚度的影响和位置闭环控制方式的分析,提出了改变破鳞辊压下的控制方式、增加破鳞辊的机械刚度、提高液压系统的响应速度等改进措施.实施后,破鳞辊引起的带钢跑偏问题得到解决,从而使酸洗机组工艺段的酸洗效率明显提高,工艺段速度提高8%,产能也相应得到了提高.     

包钢焦化厂水处理技术的研究及应用经验

针对包钢焦化厂高硬度、高浊度的水质条件,用静态和动态方法研究了一类水质配方的缓蚀、阻垢性能.实践证明,该配方具有良好的缓蚀、阻垢性能.同时,通过水处理的10年应用,积累了丰富的经验.为焦化厂换热设备安全、稳定、高效运行提供了保证.