PORE-MOUTH POISONING OF NON-UNIFORM CATALYSTS

Impurity poisoning of a catalyst particle having a non-uniform activity distribution is analyzed. Equations that relate the position of the poison-front with time for different activity profiles are derived. It is shown that the effect of the activity distribution on the poisoning rate is apparent in the case of intraparticle-diffusion control. The performance of a non-uniform bifunctional catalyst in such conditions is also studied.     

TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF CRYSTALLIZATION: EFFECT OF THE SIZE DEPENDENT GROWTH RATE

The dynamics of the crystal size distribution in a continuous mixed suspension, mixed product removal crystallizer is modeled stochastically. The model is fairly general in that it involves a size-dependent growth rate function: this size-dependent growth rate as a possible cause of deviation on the behavior of the crystallizer from that of an idealized or simplified counterpart has been investigated based upon the model.     

HS2000分布式控制系统在小氮肥厂的应用

介绍了国产ＨＳ２０００分布式控制系统首次在山东禹城化工总厂尿素装置上成功应用的情况。     

Assessing the predictive capability of two‐phase models for the mechanical behavior of alumina/epoxy nanocomposites

A review of analytical modeling of particulate reinforcement is made as a prelude to the problem of microstructural inhomogeneity in nanocomposite materials. Noting the inevitability of dispersion nonuniformity, and variations in agglomerate morphology and filler‐matrix interaction, the need to question the application of such models to novel materials arises. Employing the mechanical properties of alumina/epoxy nanocomposites, with known dispersion characteristics, an evaluation of the predictive capability of various models for Young's modulus, strength, and failure strain is made. Comparison between models is accompanied by a discussion of the parameters used in the fitting of macroscopic behavior to microstructural features. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 869–879, 2005     

Critical evaluation of coupling particle size distribution with the shrinking core model

The shrinking core model (SCM) is widely used to model fluid-solid reactions such as the leaching of metals from minerals. In most cases, however, the particle size distribution (PSD) of the solid material was disregarded. In this paper the erroneous shift in the control regime when neglecting PSD was quantified and the dependence of the shift on the coefficients of variation (CV) and the type of PSD was analysed. By coupling the SCM with a Gamma PSD, it was found that neglecting the PSD would shift the control regime from chemical reaction to inert/ash layer diffusion, when the CV was between 0.7 and 1.2. For a system controlled by liquid film diffusion, neglect of the PSD, would shift the control regime to chemical reaction when CV is between 0.3 and 0.7 or to inert/ash layer diffusion when CV is greater (0.9-1.5). It was therefore postulated that some researchers had unknowingly made invalid conclusions about the control regime due to the neglect of PSD. However, an inert/ash layer diffusion-controlled process was insensitive to the neglect of PSD. When CV<0.3, neglect of the PSD would not cause any erroneous shifts, irrespective of the control regime. Experimental data confirmed the observation. For a given CV, the deviation in the fraction reacted from the mono-PSD increases with CV and decreases with time. The maximum deviation, which occurs at the beginning, is about 10% with a gamma PSD of CV=0.3. The percent deviation is dependent of the type of PSDs. Gamma PSD gives the lowest deviation while Gaudin-Schuhmann results in the largest deviation (maxi. ∼19%, with CV=0.3) in the first half of dissolution process. Log-normal distribution gives a larger deviation than gamma but quickly approaches the latter with time. The deviation for Rosin-Rammler is between log-normal and Gaudin-Schuhmann. For systems with CV less than 0.3, the SCM can be fairly used without considering PSD. When CV is greater than 0.3, particularly in the early stage of a dissolution process with a PSD other than gamma, PSD should be included to avoid substantial errors.     

Flow regime, hydrodynamics, floc size distribution and sludge properties in activated sludge bubble column, air-lift and aerated stirred reactors

This paper presents a comparative study how reactor configuration, sludge loading and air flowrate affect flow regimes, hydrodynamics, floc size distribution and sludge solids-liquid separation properties. Three reactor configurations were studied in bench scale activated sludge bubble column reactor (BCR), air-lift reactor (ALR) and aerated stirred reactor (ASR). The ASR demonstrated the highest capacity of gas holdup and resistance, and homogeneity in flow regimes and shearing forces, resulting in producing large numbers of small and compact flocs. The fluid dynamics in the ALR created regularly directed recirculation forces to enhance the gas holdup and sludge flocculation. The BCR distributed a high turbulent flow regime and non-homogeneity in gas holdup and mixing, and generated large numbers of larger and looser flocs. The sludge size distributions, compressibility and settleability were significantly influenced by the reactor configurations associated with the flow regimes and hydrodynamics.     

MACROPROCESS OF PARTICLE FORMATION IN SUSPENSION POLYMERIZATION OF STYRENE WITH INORGANIC STABILIZER SYSTEM

The macroprocess of particle formation from suspension droplets of styrene in a pdymerizationsystem was investigated.Inorganic hydroxyapatite or its mixture with polyvinyl alcohol as thepolymerization system was used.Those items such as the effects of the Weight fraction of dispersed-phase,the amount of the inorganic stabilizer and the agitation speed on the breakup and coalescence of thetransient dispersed drops etc.Were examined.Results showd that the dynamic behavior of the transi-ent polymer droplets changed in the presence of the suspension stabilizer during the reaction.     

实时数据仓库中一种改进的数据流更新算法

为实现数据仓库中数据的高效集成,针对数据偏斜分布现象,提出一种改进的数据流更新算法EH-JOIN。该算法对传统散列连接方法进行改进,利用索引将部分频繁使用的主数据存储在内存中,解决了高速数据流下的磁盘频繁访问问题。实验结果表明,与MESHJOIN算法和R-MESHJOIN算法相比,EH-JOIN算法的服务速率在磁盘存储关系集保持适当大小时分别提高了96%和81%,在内存大小不同时提高了57%和48%。     

On the thermal stability of xanthan gum

The thermal stability of xanthan gum in dilute aqueous solutions at 90°C is considered. The relative viscosity as a function of ageing time is discussed, and it has been found to depend on the polymer concentration and conformation as well as on the salt content. The effectiveness of a quencher demonstrates the existence of a free-radical process in the degradation. During ageing, the molecular weight first decreases by rapid random hydrolysis of the main chain and loss of the pyruvate and acetate substituents. Later, oligomers are formed corresponding to a breakdown of both the side chain and the main chain. The identification of cellodextrins in the oligomer pool demonstrates the second effect.     

湿浸法制备活性组分非均匀分布负载型催化剂过程的计算机模拟

对活性组分非均匀分布的负载型催化剂的湿浸法制备过程进行了计算机模拟,其模拟程度可适用于任意多个活性组分的浸渍。发现单组分浸渍时,通过控制浸渍时间可获得活性组分由薄到厚的蛋壳型分布和均匀分布,但通过预浸渍吸附至一定分布后,再在空白溶液中浸渍洗脱,控制洗脱条件也可获得蛋黄、蛋白型的分布;加入竞争吸附剂,进行双组分及多组分浸渍,通过控制浸渍溶液性质及浸渍时间可获得各种类型的活性组分分布,诸如蛋壳型、蛋白型、蛋黄型和均匀型。通过对制备过程参数(如竞争吸附剂的选择、各组分有效扩散系数、初始浓度、吸脱附速率常数等)与活性组分分布形式之间关系的分析,可实现对任一分布形式的催化剂的制备过程参数的优化。这对实际制备催化剂具有指导意义。