What is being masked in object substitution masking?

Object substitution masking (OSM) is said to occur when a perceptual object is hypothesized that is mismatched by subsequent sensory evidence, leading to a new hypothesized object being substituted for the first. For example, when a brief target is accompanied by a longer lasting display of nonoverlapping mask elements, reporting of target features may be impaired. J. T. Enns and V. Di Lollo (2000) considered it an outstanding question whether OSM masks some or all aspects of a target. The authors report three experiments demonstrating that OSM can selectively affect target features. Participants may be able to detect a target while being unable to report other aspects of it or to report the color but not the orientation of a target (or vice versa). We discuss these findings in relation to two other visual phenomena. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Production of silver‐doped analcime by isomorphous substitution technique

BACKGROUND: Metal‐exchanged zeolites have been reported to have significant limitations on cayalytic activity, such as counterbalancing the negative framework charges and limitation of active space. Alternative methods of incorporating silver ions into the framework of zeolites are therefore necessary. This paper reports on a technique for producing silver doped analcime by isomorphous substitution of silver ion into the framework of analcime. The amount of aluminium in the gel composition was reduced by a factor of 5%, 10% and 20% and an equivalent amount of silver was added to the gel and treated in a conventional manner for zeolite crystallisation. Some of the aluminium in the reaction gel was replaced with the silver. The silver‐doped analcime samples where characterised by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐rays (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES) analysis. RESULTS: The amount of silver ions loaded for each reduction of aluminium as determined by EDX were found to be (w/w) 0.29%, 1.41% and 2.10%, respectively. XRD pattern SEM images of the silver‐doped analcime showed the presence of zeolite P in addition to analcime. CONCLUSION: Silver‐doped analcime was successfully produced with different silver loadings and may exhibit higher anti‐microbial activities than silver‐exchanged counterparts. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

The role of forest and bioenergy strategies in the global carbon cycle

Forest and bioenergy strategies offer the prospect of reduced CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere. Such strategies can affect the net flux of carbon to the atmosphere through 4 mechanisms: storage of C in the biosphere; storage of C in forest products; use of biofuels to displace fossil-fuel use; use of wood products which often displaces other products that require more fossil fuel for their production. We use the mathematical model GORCAM (Graz/Oak Ridge Carbon Accounting Model) to examine these mechanisms for 16 land-use scenarios. Over long time intervals the amount of C stored in the biosphere and in forest products reaches a steady state and continuing mitigation of C emissions depends on the extent to which fossil fuel use is displaced by the use of bioenergy and wood products. The relative effectiveness of alternative forest and bioenergy strategies and their impact on net C emissions strongly depend, for example, on the productivity of the site, its current usage, and the efficiency with which the harvest is used. When growth rates are high and harvest is used efficiently, the dominant opportunity for net reduction in C emissions is seen to be fossil-fuel displacement. At the growth rates and efficiencies of harvest utilization adopted in many of our base scenarios, the net C balance at the end of 100 years is very similar whether trees are harvested and used for energy and traditional forest products, or reforestation and forest protection strategies are implemented. The C balance on a plantation system that provides a constant output of biomass products can look different than the balance of a single parcel of land.     

掺杂对PZT压电陶瓷的影响及研究进展

在介绍掺杂PZT压电陶瓷材料制备的基础上,总结出生产掺杂PZT材料的最佳掺杂条件,以及配方对压电陶瓷性能的影响,只要工艺合适,性能完全能再提高,对压电陶瓷材料的发展趋势进行了展望。     

WC-Co-Ni硬质合金热扩散率的研究

本文研究了配碳量、粘结相中镍含量和温度对WC－Co－Ni硬质合会热扩散事的影响。结果表明，合金的热扩散率随配碳量、粘结相中谋含量增加而增加，随温度升高而降低．     

La替代Mm对低钴AB5型贮氢合金电化学性能的影响

用XRD和SEM测试了稀土基低钻AB5型LaxMm1-x（NiMnSiAlFe）4．7Co0.2（x=0,1）贮氢合金的微观结构，并全面测试了合金在铸态及快淬态下的电化学性能。研究了La替代Mm对铸态及快淬态低钻贮氢合金微观结构及电化学性能的影响。对合金的电化学性能研究结果表明：La替代Mm使合金的放电容量提高，并使铸态合金的循环寿命由341次提高到370次；La替代Mm使得快淬态合金的循环寿命的增加幅度较小，主要原因是La替代Mm使快淬态合金的晶粒粗化。微观结构测试结果表明：La替代Mm使合金中的第二相消失，并使合金的晶格常数在a轴方向增加，在c轴方向略有减小，晶胞体积增大，这是La替代Mm使合金放电容量提高的主要原因。     

Fe替代Co对AB5型贮氢合金循环稳定性的影响

用铸造及快淬的方法制备了稀土基AB5型Mm（NiMnSiAl）4．3Co0.6-xFex（x=0，0．1，0．2，0．3，0．4，0．5，0．6）贮氢合金，用XRD。TEM及SEM观测了铸态及快淬态的微观结构，测试了合金在铸态及快淬态下的电化学循环稳定性。研究了Fe替代Co对铸态及快淬态贮氢合金微观结构及循环稳定性的影响。研究结果表明，Fe替代Co对铸态及快淬态合金的相结构没有明显影响，但对合金的循环稳定性产生显著影响。Fe替代Co能不同程度地改善铸态及快淬态合金的循环稳定性，但对快淬态合金循环寿命的改善更加显著，导致这一结果的主要原因是Fe替代Co使快淬态合金的微观组织显著细化。     

5-氨基水杨酸的合成工艺改进

采用简单易行的操作方法对现有的5-氨基水杨酸的合成工艺进行改进。以2-氯苯甲酸(Ⅰ)为起始原料通过n(质量分数98%硫酸)∶n(质量分数65%硝酸)=6∶1的混酸进行硝化反应,得到2-氯-5-硝基苯甲酸(Ⅱ),化合物Ⅱ再与质量分数为15%的氢氧化钠进行亲核取代反应得到中间体5-硝基水杨酸(Ⅲ),最后由铁粉/锌粉与浓盐酸作为还原剂与中间体Ⅲ进行还原反应,得到最终产物5-氨基水杨酸(Ⅳ),3步反应总收率为61%,并且中间体及产品的结构均经IR、~1HNMR和MS进行表征。     

沉淀法制备碳酸羟基磷灰石的影响因素

通过沉淀法制各了高碳酸根(CO32-)含量的纳米碳酸羟基磷灰石(nanosized carbonated hydroxyapatite,CHA).研究了合成温度、初始原料碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)和磷酸氢二铵[(NH4)2HPO4]的摩尔比[n(CO32-)/n(PO43-)]和pH值对CO32-替代的影响.用X射线衍射和透射电镜表征CHA粉体的物相组成和形貌.用碳硫元素分析仪和红外光谱研究了CO32-替代的含量和类型.结果表明:随着合成温度的升高或原料中CO32-浓度的减小,CHA晶粒尺寸和长径比增加;合成CHA中的晶相组成和CO32-含量主要由n(CO32-)/n(PO43-)决定;而CO32-的替代类型则主要取决于n(CO32-)/n(PO43-)和pH值.在高pH值或高n(CO32-)/n(PO43-)的合成条件下,能够获得以B型替代为主的CHA.