Electrocatalytic Interlayer with Fast Lithium–Polysulfides Diffusion for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries to Enhance Electrochemical Kinetics under Lean Electrolyte Conditions

Lithium–sulfur batteries are promising energy‐storage devices because of their high theoretical energy densities. For practical Li–S batteries, reducing the amount of electrolyte used is essential for achieving the high energy densities. However, reducing the electrolyte amount leads to severe performance degradation, mainly because of sluggish deposition of discharge products (Li₂S) and the accompanying passivation issue that arise from the insulating nature of Li₂S. In this study, a lightweight, robust interlayer, with a 3D open structure and a low surface area is designed and fabricated. The structure facilitates electrolyte infiltration without trapping too much electrolyte. Moreover, the electrocatalytic Co nanoparticles embedded in the skeleton surface within the interlayer effectively promote Li ion diffusion, polysulfides conversion, and Li₂S deposition, and therefore enhance the electrochemical kinetics under lean electrolyte conditions. The mechanisms involved in the interlayer effects are investigated by microstructural characterizations, electrochemical performance tests, density functional theory calculations, and in situ X‐ray diffraction characterization. These results show the feasibility of using an interlayer strategy to improve the electrochemical performances of Li–S batteries under lean electrolyte conditions to potentially increase the practical energy densities of Li–S batteries.     

薄栅介质陷阱密度的求解和相关参数的提取

采用恒定电流应力对薄栅氧化层MOS电容进行了TDDB评价实验,提出了精确测量和表征陷阱密度及累积失效率的方法.该方法根据电荷陷落的动态平衡方程,测量恒流应力下MOS电容的栅电压变化曲线和应力前后的高频C-V曲线变化求解陷阱密度.从实验中可以直接提取表征陷阱的动态参数.在此基础上,可以对器件的累积失效率进行精确的评估.     

High‐Yield Preparation,Versatile Structural Modification,and Properties of Layered Cobalt Hydroxide Nanocones

A low‐cost oil bath synthetic route is presented to produce uniform and highly crystalline layered cobalt hydroxide nanocones (NCs) intercalated with dodecyl sulfate anions (C₁₂H₂₅OSO₃^?, DS^?). A new exfoliating procedure, by gradually unravelling/unzipping these NCs through heat treatment in formamide‐water binary solution, is developed to prepare unilamellar nanosheets. Moreover, the NCs can be readily modified with various inorganic or organic anions via a conventional anion‐exchange process at ambient temperature. The exchanged product, for example, NO₃^?–intercalated NCs, can be more easily and rapidly transformed into cobalt oxides (e.g., Co₃O₄ and CoO) than the original DS^?–intercalated form while retaining a conical feature. Both the cobalt hydroxide NCs and exfoliated nanosheets are electrochemically redoxable, exhibiting a Faradaic pseudocapacitive behavior. The magnetic measurements further reveal both antiferromagnetic behaviors for transformed Co₃O₄ and CoO NCs. Their Néel temperature values are lower than those of bulk oxides due to finite size and geometric confinement effect. The peculiar conical feature of NCs with a hollow interior and tunable layer spacing, as well as exfoliated unilamellar nanosheets with all surface area exposed, may show promise for potential applications in electrochemical energy storage and magnetic devices.     

Designing the Width and Texture of Vanadium Oxide Macroscopic Fibers: Towards Tuning Mechanical Properties and Alcohol‐Sensing Performance

Macroscopic vanadium oxide fibers have been fabricated by an extrusion process. By varying the shear rate associated with the gel extrusion process we have been able to tune the diameter and transversal geometry of the fibers at macroscopic length scales. At the mesoscopic length scale, small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) analysis provides evidence for the possibility of fine tuning the degree of alignment of the V₂O₅ ribbons inside the fibers; this alignment is clearly improved upon increasing the shear rate. Nitrogen physisorption measurements (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET)) indicate that the as‐synthesized fibers exhibit poor mesoporosity, largely due to the presence of remaining poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) entities. Microscopically, from XRD measurements, the fiber structure appears to be semi‐crystalline. ⁵¹V magic angle spinning NMR (MAS NMR) spectroscopy reveals that the local environment of ⁵¹V is typical of the structure of a V₂O₅·1.8 H₂O xerogel. We demonstrate here that the alignment of the nanoribbon subunits can be tuned via the shear rate applied during the extrusion process, which provides a good handle for tuning the mechanical and sensing properties of the as‐synthesized fibers.     

二氧化硫荧光检测的光子计数研究

基于二氧化硫吸收锌灯214nm谱线的紫外荧光测量原理，用光子计数技术进行二氧化硫检测研究。结果显示：在179—756ppb浓度范围内，荧光强度与二氧化硫浓度成线性关系，检测极限为6ppb．     

Nanowire Structural Evolution from Fe3O4 to ϵ‐Fe2O3

The ?‐Fe₂O₃ phase is commonly considered an intermediate phase during thermal treatment of maghemite (γ‐Fe₂O₃) to hematite (α‐Fe₂O₃). The routine method of synthesis for ?‐Fe₂O₃ crystals uses γ‐Fe₂O₃ as the source material and requires dispersion of γ‐Fe₂O₃ into silica, and the obtained ?‐Fe₂O₃ particle size is rather limited, typically under 200 nm. In this paper, by using a pulsed laser deposition method and Fe₃O₄ powder as a source material, the synthesis of not only one‐dimensional Fe₃O₄ nanowires but also high‐yield ?‐Fe₂O₃ nanowires is reported for the first time. A detailed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study shows that the nanowires of pure magnetite grow along [111] and <211> directions, although some stacking faults and twins exist. However, magnetite nanowires growing along the <110> direction are found in every instance to accompany a new phase, ?‐Fe₂O₃, with some micrometer‐sized wires even fully transferring to ?‐Fe₂O₃ along the fixed structural orientation relationship, (001) ∥ (111), [010] ∥ <110>. Contrary to generally accepted ideas regarding epsilon phase formation, there is no indication of γ‐Fe₂O₃ formation during the synthesis process; the phase transition may be described as being from Fe₃O₄ to ?‐Fe₂O₃, then to α‐Fe₂O₃. The detailed structural evolution process has been revealed by using TEM. 120° rotation domain boundaries and antiphase boundaries are also frequently observed in the ?‐Fe₂O₃ nanowires. The observed ?‐Fe₂O₃ is fundamentally important for understanding the magnetic properties of the nanowires.     

Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains AWRI 838, Lalvin EC1118 and Maurivin PDM do not produce excessive sulfur dioxide in white wine fermentations

The formation of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) by the related Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains AWRI 838, Lalvin EC11 18 and Maurivin PDM has been determined in white wines produced by laboratory-scale fermentation. Three different preparations of these strains, available for vinification in 1995, were indistinguishable based on production of SO₂. None of the physico-chemical factors investigated could stimulate an over-production of SO₂, and any changes in its concentration were independent of juice pH, sugar content, exposure to air, clarity, initial concentration of SO₂, and grape variety. Only fermentation without exposure to air could affect the concentration of SO₂, reducing it by 13–15% in the final wines. Under the conditions tested, changes in the concentration of SO₂ in wines produced with AWRI 838 and related strains would not account for wines which resist malolactic fermentation.     

Correlation between Interfacial Oxides and Electrical Characteristics of GaN Schottky Diodes

The electrical characteristics of GaN schottky diode with and without the interracial oxides are compared in this paper. The influence of interracial oxides on the electrical characteristics of the schottky diodes has been confirmed by the I-V, C-V measures. We find the barrier height have a reduction of 0.05 eV- 0.1 eV. There is an interracial insulating oxide with the thickness of 0. 05 nm- 0. 1 nm after conventional cleaning. Either the forward or the backward currents increase. The backward punch through voltages are reduced to 50% and the capacitances have increased by 100%.     

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??Aimed at relevancy chemical equilibrium, material balance and thermal equilibrium of the reaction stove and converter of Claus sulfur recovery by direct method, this paper establishes two nonlinear equations sets, and carries out numerieal calculation by use of the Newton-Raphson algorithm for derivation, measures the composition from the mouth of reaction stove and converter, and calculates the optimum air ration and the optimum reaction temperature. The related problems are discussed and some examples calculated are given.     

Supramolecular Chemistry in Molten Sulfur: Preorganization Effects Leading to Marked Enhancement of Carbon Nitride Photoelectrochemistry

Here, a new method for enhancing the photoelectrochemical properties of carbon nitride thin films by in situ supramolecular‐driven preorganization of phenyl‐contained monomers in molten sulfur is reported. A detailed analysis of the chemical and photophysical properties suggests that the molten sulfur can texture the growth and induce more effective integration of phenyl groups into the carbon nitride electrodes, resulting in extended light absorption alongside with improved conductivity and better charge transfer. Furthermore, photophysical measurements indicate the formation of sub‐bands in the optical bandgap which is beneficial for exciton splitting. Moreover, the new bands can mediate hole transfer to the electrolyte, thus improving the photooxidation activity. The utilization of high temperature solvent as the polymerization medium opens new opportunities for the significant improvement of carbon nitride films toward an efficient photoactive material for various applications.