Assessing the Potential Content of Ethyl Carbamate in White,Red, and Rosé Wines as a Key Factor for Pursuing Urea Degradation by Purified Acid Urease

The ethyl carbamate (EC) content of a wine after a given temperature‐time storage was theoretically predicted from the potential concentration of ethyl carbamate (PEC), as determined via an accelerated EC formation test. Such information was used to decide whether an enzymatic treatment was needed to reduce the wine urea level before bottling/aging. To this end, 6 white, red, and rosé wines, manufactured in Italy as such or enriched with urea, were tested for their PEC content either before or after enzymatic treatment using a purified acid urease preparation derived from Lactobacillus fermentum. The treatment was severely affected by the total phenolic content (TP) of the wine, the estimated pseudo‐first‐order kinetic rate constant for NH₃ formation reducing by a factor of approximately 2000 as the TP increased from 0 to 1.64 g L^‐1. Such a sensitivity to TP was by far greater than that pertaining to a killed cell‐based enzyme preparation used previously. Urea hydrolysis was successful at reducing EC concentration in wines with low levels of TP and other EC precursors.     

正交试验优化酵母多糖锌配合物的制备及其对尿素的吸附性能

为酵母多糖应用拓宽范围,以酵母多糖和硫酸锌为原料制备酵母多糖锌配合物,探讨了反应时间、锌的添加量、反应温度、pH值4个因素对配合物制备的影响。通过正交试验,确定制备锌配合物的最优条件。以尿素为吸附对象,研究酵母多糖锌配合物的吸附性能,考察了时间、温度、pH值、尿素质量浓度4个因素对配合物吸附尿素的影响,通过正交试验,确定酵母多糖锌配合物吸附尿素的最优条件。结果表明:酵母多糖锌配合物制备的最佳条件为温度55℃、反应时间2h、0.1mol/L硫酸锌的添加量10%、pH6.5,在该条件下所得到的酵母多糖和锌离子结合率为98.97%。酵母多糖锌配合物对尿素的最佳吸附条件为:温度30℃、pH6.0、时间135min、尿素的初始质量浓度2.25mg/mL,在该条件下对尿素的吸附率为97.27%。此时酵母多糖和锌离子的结合率较高,且该配合物对尿素具有很好的吸附作用。     

基于三元DES体系制备硫酸化改性CNF及其性能研究

以漂白硫酸盐浆为原料,采用氨基磺酸/尿素/氯化胆碱三元低共熔溶剂(DES)体系预处理结合机械处理的方法制备硫酸化改性的纤维素纳米纤丝(CNF),并采用纤维图像分析仪、元素分析仪、场发射扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、Zeta电位分析仪、热重分析仪和多重光散射分析仪对制得的CNF性能进行表征。结果表明,三元DES预处理既可改性纤维原料又可对其产生润胀效果,从而促进其在纳米均质化过程中的纤丝化。与未经DES预处理的纤维原料在均质化处理过程中能耗(9.49×10⁷ kJ/kg)相比,DES预处理(1.61×10⁷～2.11×10⁷ kJ/kg)可节省77.8%～83.0%的能耗。DES预处理提高了所得CNF悬浮液的稳定性但导致其热稳定性下降;此外,延长DES预处理时间可促进纤维的纤丝化并降低纤维聚合度。     

玛咖片缓解体力疲劳功能的实验研究

目的:探讨玛咖片缓解小鼠体力疲劳的作用。方法:以小鼠为研究对象,用玛咖片250、500、1 000mg/kg·BW分别给昆明种小鼠连续灌胃30d,进行小鼠负重游泳、血清尿素、肝糖原含量及血乳酸曲线下面积等指标测定,观察玛咖片的抗疲劳功效。结果:与阴性对照组比较,剂量组能延长小鼠的负重游泳时间,增加肝糖原的储备量,降低血清尿素氮含量(P0.05)。结论:玛咖片具有缓解体力疲劳的功能。     

基于近红外光谱对牛奶中掺杂尿素的判别分析

采集40个合格的纯牛奶样品,并配制含有尿素为1～20g/L的40个牛奶样品,研究掺杂尿素牛奶的二维相关近红外特性,在此基础上选择波数4200～4800cm-1为建模区间,采用偏最小二乘法建立定性、定量模型。结果指出通过判别偏最小二乘法可以实现纯牛奶及掺杂尿素牛奶的定性鉴别,判别正确率为100%;掺杂牛奶校正集相关系数R为0.999,交叉验证均方差为0.242,对未知样品集预测相关系数R达到0.999,预测标准偏差为0.57,这表明所建模型具有较好的预测效果。     

Chemical and microbiological quality of sugar cane juice influences the concentration of ethyl carbamate and volatile congeners in cachaça

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of heat treatment of sugar cane juice, supplementation with urea and double distillation on the concentration of volatile congeners (acetic aldehyde, ethyl acetate, n‐propyl, isobutyl and isoamyl alcohols and acetic acid) and contaminants (methanol, 1‐propyl and 2‐butyl alcohols, copper, and ethyl carbamate) in cachaça. Samples of fresh sugar cane juice, sugar cane juice submitted to heat treatment and contaminated sugar cane juice were supplemented (or not) with urea and fermented. The washes so obtained underwent single and double distillation. Supplementation with urea stimulated ethyl carbamate formation. The distilled products that originated from contaminated worts presented higher concentration of acetic acid and ethyl carbamate. Double distillation reduced the concentration of contaminants. The best quality pot still cachaça was obtained employing heat treatment of sugar cane juice, nonsupplementation with urea and double distillation. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Milk production of dairy cows fed differing concentrations of rumen-degraded protein

Thirty-two multiparous and 16 primiparous Holstein cows in midlactation averaging 126 d in milk were used to determine the effects of rumen-degraded protein (RDP) concentration on lactation performance. Cows were assigned to diets in a repeated Latin square design with 3-wk experimental periods. Diets were formulated to provide 4 concentrations of dietary RDP [6.8, 8.2, 9.6, and 11.0% of dry matter (DM)] while rumen-undegraded protein remained constant (5.8% of DM). Diets contained 50% corn silage and 50% concentrate (DM basis). Ingredients within diets were equal across treatments except for ground corn, soybean meal, and ruminally protected soybean meal. Dry matter intake was not affected by treatment. Milk yield, fat yield, and protein yield all increased linearly when cows were fed diets with greater RDP. Milk fat and protein concentration each increased by 0.16 percentage units for cows fed 11% RDP compared with 6.8% RDP. Milk protein yield increased by 0.19 g/d for every 1 g/d increase in crude protein supplied mainly as RDP. As RDP increased, the efficiency of N use declined linearly. Milk urea N increased linearly when cows were fed increasing amounts of RDP, indicating increased losses of N via urine. Feeding deficient RDP diets to dairy cows can decrease nitrogen excretion, but it also decreases lactation performance. These data show an environmental benefit from underfeeding RDP to dairy cows according to National Research Council requirements, but at a financial cost to the dairy producer.     

硝酸脲与黑索今混合炸药的制备及性能研究

为解决黑索今(RDX)生产工厂的废硝酸再利用问题,在RDX生产过程中不分离出RDX,而是直接加入一定量尿素水溶液,废硝酸与尿素反应生成硝酸脲后,使RDX和硝酸脲共同结晶,生成RDX与硝酸脲共结晶的混合炸药。得到两大类型的混合炸药:Ⅰ型混合炸药(含RDX 10%~20%)的综合爆炸性能优于现有的铵梯、乳化及粉状工业炸药;Ⅱ型混合炸药(含RDX 40%)的爆炸性能与TNT相当。该混合炸药的制造工艺简单,RDX生产过程的废酸污染问题得到了改善。     

建筑模板改性脲醛树脂胶的研制和应用

脲醛胶防水性差的主要原因是该胶固化后的结构中存在一些亲水基团,如羟甲基(CH2OH)、碳基(C)、氨基(HN2)、亚氨基(NH)等,尤其是碳酰胺键(-C=O-NH-)遇高温发生水解使脲醛树脂胶耐沸水差。因此,在制胶过程中添加MF防水剂使甲醛-尿素交联反应生成fm共聚物,清除碳酰胺键,提高了筑模板耐水、耐煮沸性。此外,降低三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂的三聚氰胺用量也大幅度降低了建筑模板的生产成本。