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91.
提出了一种新的、基于声表面波的纸基微流开关。通过软光刻技术制作内含两个微孔的聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)微架,其上固定经折叠、长度可变的纸通道。PDMS微架贴附于压电基片之上,并在待连接的两微通道之下方,折叠纸通道最低端离压电基片间距为2 mm。压电基片上采用微电子工艺光刻一对叉指换能器和反射栅。当足够强度的电信号加到叉指换能器对时,激发两相向声表面波,使得压电基片上微流体输运到折叠纸通道,改变其长度,连接其上待连通的两纸基微通道,完成开关功能。对可编程微流器件提供了一种新的编程和开关控制方法。 相似文献
92.
93.
In this paper,adaptive dynamic surface control(DSC) is developed for a class of nonlinear systems with unknown discrete and distributed time-varying delays and unknown dead-zone.Fuzzy logic systems are used to approximate the unknown nonlinear functions.Then,by combining the backstepping technique and the appropriate Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals with the dynamic surface control approach,the adaptive fuzzy tracking controller is designed.Our development is able to eliminate the problem of "explosion of complexity" inherent in the existing backstepping-based methods.The main advantages of our approach include:1) for the n-th-order nonlinear systems,only one parameter needs to be adjusted online in the controller design procedure,which reduces the computation burden greatly.Moreover,the input of the dead-zone with only one adjusted parameter is much simpler than the ones in the existing results;2) the proposed control scheme does not need to know the time delays and their upper bounds.It is proven that the proposed design method is able to guarantee that all the signals in the closed-loop system are bounded and the tracking error is smaller than a prescribed error bound,Finally,simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. 相似文献
94.
It has been suggested by Kayser that finite-size effects associated with capillary waves might play a significant role in some surface tension measurements; for capillary rise between plates a distance D apart, an effect varying as 1/D and apparently observable in measurements, was proposed. In reconsidering this problem, one must analyze the thermodynamics of finite-size corrections to surface tension. In particular, one sees that capillary rise between plates does not measure the interfacial free energy density but, rather, a derivative of the interfacial free energy with respect to a system dimension. The quantity needed to draw definite conclusions, the finite-size residual free energy, can be calculated within the harmonic or Gaussian capillary wave model in d spatial dimensions with the aid of Poisson summation techniques and should yield the correct leading asymptotic behavior. For d=3 and experimentally relevant parameter values, the results are independent of the short-wavelength cutoff needed in the model and can be checked against the theory of conformai covariance at two-dimensional critical points. It is found that the finite-size effects in capillary-rise measurements of surface tension vary as 1/D
2 (with a universal coefficient) but are too small to be seen in current experiments.Invited paper presented at the Tenth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 20–23, 1988, Gaithersburg, Maryland, U.S.A. 相似文献
95.
A generalized equation for surface tension from the triple point to the critical point 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
G. R. Somayajulu 《International Journal of Thermophysics》1988,9(4):559-566
A three-parameter generalized equation is proposed for surface tension from the triple point to the critical point. This equation not only fits the data well but also is good for interpolation between the normal boiling point and the critical point. This equation is also good for extrapolation to the triple point. This equation has been tested using the surface tension of water from the triple point to the critical point. The constants of this equation obtained using orthobaric surface tensions are given for a number of compounds. The isobaric surface tensions determined at a pressure of 1 atm do not differ significantly from the orthobaric surface tensions. Such data also have been used in obtaining equations from the triple to the critical point.Nomenclature
T
c
Critical temperature, K
-
T
t
Triple point, K
-
T
m
Melting point, K
-
T
r
Reduced temperature, K
-
X
(T
c-T)/T
c
-
Surface tension, dyne · cm–1;10–3N · m–1
-
m
Surface tension at the melting point
-
f
Surface tension at T
r=0.9
-
t
Surface tension at the triple point
- Relative deviation
100[
obsd–
calcd]/
obsd
- Standard deviation
[(
obsd–
calcd)2/(No. points—No. parameters)]0.5 相似文献
96.
A liquid-vapor interface in thermal equilibrium was considered, where the pressure tensor depends upon the density (z) and the position z. The surface tension coefficient results are parametrized with the bulk compressibility, liquid-vapor density difference, and interfacial width along the saturation curve. Previous results at the triple and critical points reported by other investigators are verified. Also included is a plot of the computed results using the parametric equation and experimental data for different substances. 相似文献
97.
A method capable of estimating the hydrograph from a prescribed storm for a practical mild slope upstream catchment is proposed. This method makes use of two new characteristic parameters, andS, in conjunction with the kinematic wave equation to compute lateral inflows of the main stream of the catchment. The depth profile of overland flow at any instant within the catchment and hydrograph at any location can be easily found. Lag times for individual lateral inflows are then considered and are linearly combined to obtain the hydrograph at the outlet of the catchment or depth profile of the main stream at any instant. The validity of the excess rainfall-surface runoff linear relationship in this study has also been verified with Tatsunokuchiyama catchment, and it shows good results for this computed runoff. 相似文献
98.
Thermophysical properties of molten semiconductors are reviewed. Published data for viscosity, thermal conductivity, surface tension, and other properties are presented. Several measurement methods often used for molten semiconductors are described. Recommended values of thermophysical properties are tabulated for Si, Ge, GaAs, InP, InSb, GaSb, and other compounds. This review shows that further measurements of thermophysical properties of GaAs and InP in the molten state are required. It is also indicated that a very limited amount of data on emissivity is available. Space experiments relating to thermophysical property measurements are described briefly.Nomenclature
Density
-
C
p
Specific heat
-
Kinematic viscosity
-
Dynamic viscosity=
-
Thermal diffusivity
-
Thermal conductivity=Cp
-
Volumetric thermal expansion coefficient
-
Surface tension
-
d/dT
Temperature coefficient of surface tension
-
g
Gravitational acceleration
-
T
Temperature
-
T
Temperature difference
-
L
Characteristic dimension 相似文献
99.
N. Klein U. D?hne U. Poppe N. Tellmann K. Urban S. Orbach S. Hensen G. Müller H. Piel 《Journal of Superconductivity》1992,5(2):195-201
We used a dielectric resonator technique for highly sensitive measurements of the temperature dependence of the microwave surface resistanceR
s
of 1×1 cm2 superconducting films at 18.7 GHz. It consists of a sapphire disc positioned on the film under investigation within a copper cavity which is acting as a radiation shield. In the TE01 oscillation mode the highly reproducible quality factor of about 105 results in a sensitivity of ±50 forR
s
measurements. The temperature dependence ofR
s
can be measured up to values as high as 1 . We have investigated several YBa2Cu3O7 thin films prepared by high oxygen pressure d.c. sputtering on LaAlO3 and NdGaO3. Our best films exhibit a pronounced nonlinear behavior of the d.c. resistivity(T) with(300K)/(100K) values of about 3.7. Those films show, besides the initial fall-off just belowT
c
, a further strong decrease ofR
s
at low temperatures. This was observed both at 18.7 GHz and 87 GHz, as measured by a conventional cavity end plate replacement technique. ForTTc/2 these films exhibit an exp (–T
c/T) dependence ofR
s
with-values around 0.4. These observations may be explained by a superconducting energy gap with 2/kT
c0.8 for charge carriers localized in the CuO chains for YBa2Cu3O7. 相似文献
100.
文章从表面贴装技术(SMT)现状及特点开始,介绍多品种小批量电子产品中使用表面贴装技术存在的问题。针对这一情况对表面贴装过程仿真系统的需求进行了分析,并详细论述了仿真系统的文件预处理、仿真以及数据库维护三大主要模块设计,主要介绍采用OpenGL实现仿真模块的方法,同时展示仿真系统实现结果。最后总结了仿真系统的特点。 相似文献