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731.
Benchmarking of electricity networks: Practical problems with its use for regulation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Benchmarking is a technique derived for management purposes, intended to identify outliers in any population as possible problems for resolution. Several regulatory agencies have tried to use benchmarking to define the degree of inefficiency of regulated companies, by reference to some target or frontier. This paper identifies the main problem inherent in trying to adapt a management technique to a regulatory purpose – namely that it requires the exercise of subjective judgements. The resulting lack of predictability and objectivity is not conducive to the provision of efficient regulatory incentives.This paper explains where subjective judgement enters into regulatory applications of benchmarking, which is not always apparent. The choice of model and selection of data sets are two obvious areas, but the main problem arises over the assumption that any costs not explained by the model must be due to inefficiency. Such assumptions are simply unsupported by evidence and lead to cost targets (or cost reduction targets defined over several years) that are little better than subjective guesses. There are other, superior ways to set cost reduction targets, based on long-term trends in total factor productivity for the regulated sector, which are used in the US and in other countries. However, some regulators feel obliged to use benchmarking and the paper concludes with recommendations as to how benchmarking should support further and more objective investigations into the costs of regulated utilities. 相似文献
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733.
734.
THE IMPORTANCE OF NEUTRAL EXAMPLES FOR LEARNING SENTIMENT 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Most research on learning to identify sentiment ignores "neutral" examples, learning only from examples of significant (positive or negative) polarity. We show that it is crucial to use neutral examples in learning polarity for a variety of reasons. Learning from negative and positive examples alone will not permit accurate classification of neutral examples. Moreover, the use of neutral training examples in learning facilitates better distinction between positive and negative examples. 相似文献
735.
In this note the stability of a second-order quasi-polynomial with a single delay is studied. Although there is a vast literature on this problem, most available solutions are limited to some particular cases. Moreover, some published results on this subject appear to contain imprecise, or even wrong, conditions. The purpose of this note is to show that by accurate application of known theories, a complete explicit characterization of stability regions can be derived in a most general case. As a byproduct of the proposed analysis, we show that in the high-order case the quasi-polynomial is delay-independent unstable whenever its delay-free version has an odd number of unstable roots (or, equivalently, a negative static gain). 相似文献
736.
金属矿山深热矿井气温的预测计算是一个难题,本文探讨了应用灰色系统预测理论来解决这一难题的新途径,并通过实例验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。 相似文献
737.
95W-Ni-Fe 合金工艺缺陷的 SAM 和 XPS 分析 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
齐芸馨 《兵器材料科学与工程》1997,20(5):36-40
藉助扫描俄歇探针、X射线光电子谱等分析了95W-Ni-Fe合金碳污染和氧化的本质。发现,碳污染试样中碳的化学状态主要为石墨,少量为铁或镍的有机化合物,这些物质的界面富集使材料脆化。钨合金氧化后,氧大量富集于钨/粘结相界面,使沿着该界面的断裂更容易发生。 相似文献
738.
Problems associated with provision of food in quantity foodservices prompted the development and use of prepared food items processed in retortable trays. Consumer acceptance of such foods was required so that the items could be screened for foodservice application. Consumer tests, using small portion samples and sensory testing under laboratory conditions, gave a relatively reliable prediction of acceptability of most of the items under extended-use consumer testing during a field trial. Final field acceptance of some items was influenced by external factors not accounted for in laboratory testing. 相似文献
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740.
本文提出一种检定经纬仪竖直盘测角误差的新方法.该方法精度高,稳定性好,能直接与国家角度标准溯源.由它组成的“经纬仪综合检验仪”可以检测JJG414—94光学经纬仪检定规程中所有的项目及细分误差,其总不确定度为0.4″.被测仪器包括各种类型及精度的光学经纬仪、电子经纬仪、水准仪等. 相似文献