有害结局通路指南及毒性测试应用分析

综述了在21世纪毒性测试愿景与策略倡议下,以及现代科技发展和法规监管体系变革的背景下,有害结局通路(AOP)的提出和发展。重点介绍了AOP的概念和指南,AOP的基本组成、构建条件和信息共享,AOP的网络和评估;讨论了AOP在皮肤致敏和鱼类早期发育2个毒性终点的开发和应用情况,及其作为自上而下和从中间开始的2种AOP开发策略的实例;最后提出了AOP以现代科技发展为动力、毒性预测现代化为基础、推动法规监管模式变革为目标的发展策略。AOP指南也为替代动物测试方法的开发和检测技术创新提供了难得的机遇。     

HPLC法测定拳参中绿原酸和没食子酸含量

采用高效液相二极管阵列检测法同时测定拳参提取物中绿原酸和没食子酸含量。采用ZORBAX SB-C18柱(4.6 mm×0.25 mm,5μm),以体积分数0.2%磷酸水溶液和甲醇为流动相,流速1 mL/min,柱温30℃,检测波长273和327 nm。两种物质加标回收率为95%~105%,峰面积与浓度线性关系良好(r0.999 5)。     

油气长输管道与城镇燃气管道焊接检验研究

通过对比国内外油气长输管线设计规范,提出了较适合国内管线焊缝检测要求及方法。还对油气长输管线及城镇燃气管线焊缝检测质量标准进行了对比分析:城镇燃气管线焊缝质量要求要高于油气长输管线的质量要求。     

Odds ratio-based group sequential analysis for joint binomial and inverse binomial sampling

We consider two treatment comparison in a clinical trial setup where the responses from one treatment are a priori known for a fixed number of individuals and patients are allocated in a groupsequential way for the other treatment using inverse sampling. We consider the odds ratio as the measure of treatment difference at the end of each group, where for the calculation of odds ratios we consider the full data on one treatment, which are a priori known, and the available data on the other treatment up to that point of time. We have calculated the optimal number of index subjects for inverse sampling and examine the effects of different type I and type II error spending functions on group sequential testing in this context. The methodology is illustrated by using a real data set.     

Nondestructive testing and characterization of residual stress field using an ultrasonic method

To address the difficulty in testing and calibrating the stress gradient in the depth direction of mechanical components, a new technology of nondestructive testing and characterization of the residual stress gradient field by ultrasonic method is proposed based on acoustoelasticity theory. By carrying out theoretical analysis, the sensitivity coefficients of different types of ultrasonic are obtained by taking the low carbon steel(12%C) as a research object. By fixing the interval distance between sending and receiving transducers, the mathematical expressions of the change of stress and the variation of time are established. To design one sending-one receiving and oblique incidence ultrasonic detection probes, according to Snell law, the critically refracted longitudinal wave (LCR wave) is excited at a certain depth of the fixed distance of the tested components. Then, the relationship between the depth of LCR wave detection and the center frequency of the probe in Q235 steel is obtained through experimental study. To detect the stress gradient in the depth direction, a stress gradient LCR wave detection model is established, through which the stress gradient formula is derived by the relationship between center frequency and detecting depth. A C-shaped stress specimen of Q235 steel is designedto conduct stress loading tests, and the stress is measured with the five group probes at different center frequencies. The accuracy of ultrasonic testing is verified by X-ray stress analyzer. The stress value of each specific depth is calculated using the stress gradient formula. Accordingly, the ultrasonic characterization of residual stress field is realized. Characterization results show that the stress gradient distribution is consistent with the simulation in ANSYS. The new technology can be widely applied in the detection of the residual stress gradient field caused by mechanical processing, such as welding and shot peening.     

枪管导气槽检测方法研究与应用

某型手枪枪管导气槽尺寸检测是枪管质量检测的重要指标。从枪管的结构和导气槽的形状、位置出发,针对现有导气槽尺寸检测方法的局限性,提出了一种新型的导气槽缺陷无损检测方案。分析了基于线性可变差动变压器(linear variable differential transformer,简称LVDT)线性位移传感器和杠杆原理的检测原理,并阐述了小波去噪、离散小波变换法去趋势、非降采样小波变换法峰值检测等信号分析方法。经过现场测试,检测精度可达到1μm。相对于其他检测方法,该检测方法检测精度高、效率高。     

基于FBG传感技术的深海立管涡激振动测试研究

为了探索光纤光栅传感技术在深海立管振动测试中的适用性,采用光纤光栅应变传感器,在大型波流耦合试验水池中进行了阶段流作用下大长细比深海立管的涡激振动测试。试验立管模型长为6.2 m,长细比为310,模型材料采用铜管,立管上部1.2 m处于均匀稳定的流场中,下部5.0 m处于静水之中。沿立管长度四面对称布置48个光栅测点,通过改变外流流速、内流流速和初始顶张力等影响因素,采集应变数据并结合模态分析理论,分析了不同工况下立管的振动频率、幅值及模态等振动特性,研究了阶段流作用下立管的涡激振动规律。结果表明,光纤光栅传感技术能很好地满足大长细比深海立管的涡激振动测试要求,能准确体现立管的应变时程、振幅和频率等振动特性,清晰反映出在不同外流速下立管振动的多模态特征及每阶主导频率下的锁振区间。     

氨氮水质监测仪步进应力加速退化试验研究

针对氨氮水质监测仪如何快速评定其可靠性问题,通过分析氨氮水质监测仪的失效机理,建立了以其对标准试样的示值误差为退化量的退化轨迹模型,并利用反应动力学理论建立了其温度应力下的加速退化方程;通过步进应力加速退化试验获取了退化数据,并利用加速退化方程实现了步进应力加速退化数据向恒定应力加速退化数据的折算,利用伪失效寿命评估方法对氨氮水质监测仪进行了可靠性评估。研究结果表明,利用步进应力加速退化试验可以在较短的试验时间和较少的样本量情况下,实现对氨氮水质监测仪的可靠性评估。     

超声导波检测技术的发展、应用与挑战

回顾了近三十年的超声导波技术发展及应用,阐述了导波的频散现象及其求解方法,深入分析了导波激励的力学加载原理和模态选择原则。论述了导波的传感激励方法与装置,并比较了各种激励接收方法的特点与应用场合。对超声导波在板类、管类和复合材料中的应用进行了评述,并从提高缺陷检测能力的角度,介绍了时间反转法和相控阵法在超声导波技术中的应用。最后总结了当前导波技术面临的机遇与挑战。     

脉冲涡流无损检测技术综述

不同于传统的谐波激励的涡流检测方法,脉冲涡流检测采用方波或阶跃方式激励,其测量的是涡流在构件中的衰减。由傅里叶理论可知,脉冲涡流激励中包含多种频率成分,根据电磁场理论,低频电磁波有更深的穿透深度,因而也就可能检测出更深的缺陷。由于脉冲涡流检测时,激励已经停止,因而传统涡流阻抗分析方法已经不适用于脉冲涡流检测信号分析,需要寻找新的信号处理方法或数据解释方法;同时由于导磁材料与非导磁性材料特性不同,信号特性差异极大,上述问题不论从理论上还是从工程上对脉冲涡流检测技术都提出了极大的挑战。从检测理论模型、传感器、信号处理方法及工程应用等方面,对脉冲涡流检测技术作论述,指出该技术进一步发展需要研究的问题,更好地推动脉冲涡流检测技术的发展。