用MBR工艺处理印染前处理废水的试验研究

棉纺织印染前处理废水成分复杂、水质较差、处理难度较大。采用膜生物反应器(MBR)处理经过简单预处理的印染前处理废水,可使废水水质大为改善、后续处理压力大大减轻。在近100 d的现场试验中,得出了MBR的最佳操作参数为:温度25℃,HRT 18 h,MLSS 8 g/L,DO 2.8 mg/L,pH 7.5～8.5。在最佳工艺条件下,SS、色度、NH_3—N和COD_(Cr)去除率分别约为90%、30%、72%、72%。该工艺运行成本约为1.643元/m~3。     

P-Ⅲ型分布参数的线性矩估计与期望概率研究

探讨用线性矩法估计P-Ⅲ型分布参数的期望概率,提出利用计算频率提高设计值精度;分析了线性矩法估计参数时的期望概率、计算频率与样本容量的关系。     

非均匀推移质运动参数提取

推移质运动机理复杂,准确提取推移质颗粒运动参数为推移质运动的微观理论研究提供基础。本文以水槽试验拍摄的视频为基础资料,通过一定方法对其做一系列的处理,将视频中运动推移质颗粒标记出来,得到推移质颗粒的位置坐标,文中给出了由原始视频到提取出推移质颗粒位置坐标的详细过程:通过编程等手段计算出推移质颗粒的一些运动参数,如粒径,运动位移,运动速度,运动和静止时间,对提取结果进行展示,并给出这些参数随时间的变化过程。     

水环境影响预测中计算参数的确定及敏感性分析

无论采用解析计算还是数学模拟对河流污染混合区开展分析,其计算参数的准确性比选择不同数学模型对预测结果的影响更大,应予以重视。基于宽阔河流污染混合区几何特征尺度的理论公式,分析并提出了采用多年平均枯水期流量确定环境设计流量的方法和考虑排污风险修正系数的排污强度确定方法,给出了河流污染混合区各计算参数正、负误差分别引起的最大长度、最大宽度和面积误差的敏感性排序。结果表明,水深、流速和横向扩散系数的正误差会减小污染混合区范围,而排污强度的正误差则会增大污染范围,而且,污染混合区几何特征尺度的误差变化幅度远超过其计算参数的误差变化幅度,揭示了计算误差的放大效应。     

基于MATLAB曲线拟合工具箱确定含水层参数

以泰斯公式为基础,将MATLAB曲线拟合工具箱应用于求解分析抽水试验资料,从而确定承压含水层的导水系数和导压系数。数值试验结果表明:MATLAB曲线拟合工具箱可简单快捷地对抽水试验数据达到较好的曲线拟合效果,从而确定含水层参数,且在求参运算过程中不需要对软件进行编程,具有方便快捷、计算精度高等优点。     

再生混凝土材料声学特性参数分析

为在混凝土无损检测中采集到高信噪比的声发射信号,对再生混凝土材料的声学特性参数进行了试验研究。通过模拟加载确定了声发射检测环境的门槛值,采用断芯试验测试了再生混凝土材料的检测时间参数,包括峰值鉴别时间(PDT)、撞击鉴别时间(HDT)和撞击闭锁时间(HLT);同时确定了信号在再生混凝土材料中的传播波速,为再生混凝土材料声发射检测参数的设置提供了一定的试验依据。该声发射检测参数设置具有操作简单易行、实时动态、对原有建筑物损伤小等特点,在混凝土结构声发射检测中具有较好的适用性。     

钢筋对橡胶混凝土超声声学参量影响的试验研究

随着橡胶混凝土的推广应用,展开橡胶混凝土工程质量的无损检测极其必要。采用超声脉冲法的方法研究钢筋对混凝土的超声声学参量的影响,得出不同粒径的橡胶混凝土中,钢筋对橡胶混凝土超声声学参量的影响程度大小。当探头连线与钢筋轴线平行检测时,橡胶粒径越小和掺量越大,钢筋的影响范围越大,反之相反;当探头连线与钢筋垂直时,在大掺量橡胶混凝土中,橡胶粒径越大和掺量越小,钢筋对超声声学参数的影响程度越减小。更多还原     

Confidence intervals for modeling anthocyanin retention in grape pomace during nonisothermal heating

ABSTRACT:  Degradation of nutraceuticals in low- and intermediate-moisture foods heated at high temperature (>100 °C) is difficult to model because of the nonisothermal condition. Isothermal experiments above 100 °C are difficult to design because they require high pressure and small sample size in sealed containers. Therefore, a nonisothermal method was developed to estimate the thermal degradation kinetic parameter of nutraceuticals and determine the confidence intervals for the parameters and the predicted Y (concentration). Grape pomace at 42% moisture content (wb) was heated in sealed 202 × 214 steel cans in a steam retort at 126.7 °C for > 30 min. Can center temperature was measured by thermocouple and predicted using Comsol software. Thermal conductivity (k) and specific heat ( C_p ) were estimated as quadratic functions of temperature using Comsol and nonlinear regression. The k and C_p functions were then used to predict temperature inside the grape pomace during retorting. Similar heating experiments were run at different time–temperature treatments from 8 to 25 min for kinetic parameter estimation. Anthocyanin concentration in the grape pomace was measured using HPLC. Degradation rate constant ( k _{110 °C}) and activation energy ( E_a ) were estimated using nonlinear regression. The thermophysical properties estimates at 100 °C were k = 0.501 W/m °C, Cp = 3600 J/kg and the kinetic parameters were k _{110 °C}= 0.0607/min and E_a = 65.32 kJ/mol. The 95% confidence intervals for the parameters and the confidence bands and prediction bands for anthocyanin retention were plotted. These methods are useful for thermal processing design for nutraceutical products.     

Thermal degradation kinetics of aqueous anthocyanins and visual color of purple corn (Zea mays L.) cob

Purple corn cob was the byproduct during the corn processing. Thermal degradation kinetics and Hunter color parameters (a, b, C, h° and ΔE) of aqueous anthocyanins from purple corn cob were studied at selected temperatures (70 °C, 80 °C and 90 °C) at pH 4.0. The results indicated that the thermal degradation of anthocyanin and Hunter color C, a and ΔE parameters followed the first-order reaction kinetics, while Hunter color h° and b parameters followed zero-order reaction kinetics. The calculated values of activation energies (Ea) were 18.3, 35.9, 37.1, 31.6, 34.9 and 30.0 kJ/mol for anthocyanins, C, a, ΔE, h° and b parameters, respectively. The higher Ea indicated that greater temperature sensitivity of visual color as compared to anthocyanins content. The degradation of anthocyanins showed positive correlation with C (R² > 0.909), a (R² > 0.860) and ΔE (R² > 0.940), while the degradation of anthocyanins showed negative correlation with h° (R² > 0.828) and b (R² > 0.735) during heating.

Industrial relevance

Purple corn cob was the byproduct during the corn processing. Purple corn cob is dark purple to almost black color due to its high content of anthocyanins, which makes this byproduct a good source of anthocyanins. In this study, the excellent linear correlation between Hunter color parameters (a, b, C, h° and ΔE) and content of anthocyanins showed that the Hunter color parameters may also be used instead of anthocyanins content during heating. The advantage of using the visual Hunter color parameters may be measured as on-line quality control parameters during thermal processing of food industry.     

三峡水电站发电机断路器设计及运用研究

三峡右岸电站是世界上首个在700 MW级水轮发电机主回路配套使用发电机断路器(简称GCB)的水电工程,其额定电流26 kA、短路开断电流160 kA。为了确保大型GCB在三峡工程中得到成功运用,进行了大量的工程设计和研究工作,解决了GCB特征参数确定、设备布置、厂内运输安装等一系列工程实际问题。对GCB在三峡水电站工程实际运用中遇到的一些问题及其有针对性地开展的分析研究工作、所采取的一些应对措施等情况作了介绍。对问题的论述及结论可为同类电站的设计提供参考。