Effect of Nd3+ substitution on structural and magnetic properties of Mg–Cd ferrites synthesized by microwave sintering technique

Nd~(3+) substituted spinel ferrites with formula Mg_xCd_(1-x)Nd_(0.03)Fe_(1.97)O_4(x = 0.0.2,0.4,0.6.0.8 and 1.0)were prepared by oxalate co-precipitation method using novel microwave sintering technique. AR grade sulphates were used as starting chemicals. The samples were sintered at optimized power of 70 W for10 min in a microwave oven(800 W). The structural analysis of these samples was done by using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform IR techniques. The XRD analysis of the synthesized ferrite confirms the formation of cubic spinel structure of ferrite. The influence of Nd3+substitution on various structural parameters of Mg-Cd ferrites was reported. IR study indicates the spectra contain two intense absorption bands around 600 and 400 cm~(-1) in addition with four extra bands. The magnetic properties of all ferrites were studied by using a vibration sample magnetometer.The crystallite and grain size dependant magnetic properties are observed. The composition Mg_(0.6)Cd_(0.4)Nd_(0.03)Fe_(1.97)O_4 has better magnetic properties that can be used in recording media. The fast synthesis of spinel ferrites is yielded due to use of the microwave sintering technique.     

高效光催化分解水产氢Ni2P/Cd0.5Zn0.5S复合材料的共催化效应

采用沉淀-水热法和低温热磷化法分别制备了Cd0.5Zn0.5S纳米颗粒和Ni2P纳米片，利用超声空化效应合成了价格低廉、分散良好、高效的非贵金属磷化物助催化的Ni2P/Cd0.5Zn0.5S复合材料。通过XRD、SEM、UV-vis、PL以及电化学测试等手段进行了表征测试。以Na2S-Na2SO3为牺牲剂，在可见光(λ ≥ 420 nm)照射下对样品的光催化分解水产氢性能进行评价。结果表明，Ni2P显著提高了Cd0.5Zn0.5S的光催化产氢活性。当Ni2P含量为10 wt%时，复合材料的光催化产氢速率达到19133 μmol?g-1?h-1，为Cd0.5Zn0.5S产氢速率(7865 μmol?g-1?h-1)的2.4倍，且七次光催化循环实验后的产氢速率仍为初始值的91%。这可以归因于复合材料在具有更好的光吸收性能和较低的禁带宽度的同时，Ni2P为Cd0.5Zn0.5S提供的活性中心和界面效应有效地促进了光生载流子的有效分离和快速迁移。     

CoPtx‐loaded Zn0.5Cd0.5S nanocomposites for enhanced visible light photocatalytic H2 production

Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S solid solution, modified with bimetallic CoPt_x nanoparticles, has been prepared using a two‐step organic solution method. The photocatalytic H₂ production rate of CoPt_x–Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S nanocomposites with different composition and percentage of CoPt_x was investigated. The results showed that the 1 wt% CoPt₃–Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S sample had the best activity which was 4.7 times higher than that of pure Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S and 1.2 times higher than that of Pt–Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S for photocatalytic H₂ production. The transient photocurrent response of the Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S showed an obvious increase in the current density after CoPt_x loading. Electrochemical impedance spectra measurements showed that the CoPt_x–Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S nanocomposites with x = 2 and 3 had lower charge transfer resistance R_t than that of Pt–Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S. The enhanced catalytic properties of the CoPt_x–Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S nanocomposites are attributed to their better accumulation ability for photoexcited electrons and higher rate for charge separation and transportation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Primary Method for the Determination of Hydroxyl Value of Polyols by Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy

A primary Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method was developed to determine the hydroxyl value (OHV) of polyols produced from edible oils. The method is a modification of American Society for Testing and Materials 1899‐08, using toluene as the solvent to dissolve the sample and to carry the reactive reagent p‐toluenesulfonyl isocyanate (TSI). TSI reacts with OH groups to produce a carbamate, a functional group that can be measured spectrally between ~1780 and 1690 cm^?1 in the differential spectrum that is obtained from spectra collected before and after the reaction. Commercially available 1‐nonanol, which has a defined OHV, is used to develop a calibration. The OHV for a variety of 1° and 2° alcohols, as well as petrochemical and lipid‐based polyols, were then measured to evaluate the performance of the method and to assess the effects of moisture on the results. The FTIR OHV were in accord with the results obtained by AOCS method Cd 13‐60 and were demonstrated to be unaffected by the presence of moisture in the sample. The new TSI‐FTIR method is simpler, much faster (~10 min), and more reproducible and accurate than the AOCS OHV titrimetric methods and is not affected by carboxylic acids, amines or moisture.     

Adsorption for removal of Cd(II) from effluents

The adsorption of Cd(II) onto wollastonite has been reported. Adsorption increased from 55.7 to 93.6% by decreasing the concentration of Cd(II) from 2.0 x 10^‐4M to 0.5 x 10^‐4M. The rearranged Lagergren equation has been used for dynamic modelling of the process. However, the value of rate constant at 30°C was found to be 3.17 x 10^‐2min^‐1. Equilibrium modelling was carried out using the Freundlich isotherm equation and constants have been calculated. Thermodynamic studies were carried out and values of standard free energy (?G°), enthalpy (?H°) and entropy (AS°) were calculated at various temperatures. Low temperatures favour the uptake of Cd(II) in the process.     

Pseudo stir bar sorptive microextraction fiber using nanoparticles reinforcedsol–gel for the determination of Co(II) and Cd(II) ions in wastewaters

In this work a newly semi polar extraction phase of carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) reinforced sol-gel immobilized polypropylene hollow fiber was prepared by low temperature hydrothermal process. It is coupled with flame atomic absorption spectroscopy was employed in the extraction and determination of cobalt and cadmium ions in wastewaters. The main factors influencing the pre-concentration and extraction of the metal ions have been examined in detail. Detection limits obtained in this way for Co(II) and Cd(II) ions were 0.0186 and 0.024 ng mL^?1, respectively.     

从铅锌矿石中综合回收银,镉,铁选矿工艺研究

对某铅锌矿石采用优先浮选—磁选的工艺流程，分别获得了合格银精矿、含镉和银的锌精矿及合格的铁精矿，银、锌、镉、铁的回收率依次为８９．７５％、９２．３１％、８９．１０％、６６．４３％。     

时效对Mg-Zn-Nd-Zr-Cd合金力学特性的影响

采用光学显微镜、XRD衍射分析仪、SEM扫描电镜、维氏硬度计、透射电子显微镜、万能拉伸试验机等仪器研究时效工艺对合金Mg-3.8Zn-2.8Nd-0.6Zr-0.6Cd力学特性的影响。结果显示,时效后合金强度有较大的提高,伸长率略有下降。采取双级时效90℃×10 h+150℃×8 h热处理,合金的屈服强度与抗拉强度分别达到320 MPa和350 MPa。双级时效热处理时,因为分解产物的数量更多、尺寸更小,因此强化效果要比单级时效的更明显。     

Improved electrical and optical properties in epitaxial Cd2SnO4 films

Epitaxial Cd₂SnO₄ films were fabricated on MgO(00l) single crystalline substrates by pulsed laser deposition technique at various substrate temperatures and growth oxygen pressures. The microstructure, transport, and optical properties of the films were studied in detail. High-resolution X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy results demonstrate that all the Cd₂SnO₄ films are grown epitaxially on MgO(00l) substrates. Atomic force microscope images indicate that the films have smooth surface morphologies. Hall-effect measurements reveal that the epitaxial film grown at 680^°C and 40 Pa presents the minimum resistivity value of 0.61 mΩcm and maximal Hall mobility of 32.87 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹. The metal–semiconductor transitions of Cd₂SnO₄ films were observed and explained by competitive effects of two conductive mechanisms. The optical transmittance of the Cd₂SnO₄ films is higher than 75% in the visible and near-infrared range, and the optical bandgap was determined to be about 3.09 eV for the film grown at optimal condition. The band structure and density of states of the Cd₂SnO₄ were calculated by the density functional theory.     

Impact of the Cd2+ treatment on the electrical properties of Cu2ZnSnSe4 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells

The present contribution aims at determining the impact of modifying the properties of the absorber/buffer layer interface on the electrical performance of Cu₂ZnSnSe₄ (CZTSe) thin‐film solar cells, by using a Cd²⁺ partial electrolyte (Cd PE) treatment of the absorber before the buffer layer deposition. In this work, CZTSe/CdS solar cells with and without Cd PE treatment were compared with their respective Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGSe)/CdS references. The Cd PE treatment was performed in a chemical bath for 7 min at 70 °C using a basic solution of cadmium acetate. X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy measurements have revealed the presence of Cd at the absorber surface after the treatment. The solar cells were characterized using current density–voltage (J–V), external quantum efficiency, and drive‐level capacitance profiling measurements. For the CZTSe‐based devices, the fill factor increased from 57.7% to 64.0% when using the Cd PE treatment, leading to the improvement of the efficiency (η) from 8.3% to 9.0% for the best solar cells. Similar observations were made on the CIGSe solar cell reference. This effect comes from a considerable reduction of the series resistance (R_S) of the dark and light J–V, as determined using the one‐diode model. The crossover effect between dark and light J–V curves is also significantly reduced by Cd PE treatment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.