Exploring the Biocatalytic Scope of Alditol Oxidase from Streptomyces coelicolor

The substrate scope of the flavoprotein alditol oxidase (AldO) from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), recombinantly produced in Escherichia coli, was explored. While it has been established that AldO efficiently oxidizes alditols to D ‐aldoses, this study revealed that the enzyme is also active with a broad range of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols. Alcohols containing hydroxy groups at the C‐1 and C‐2 positions like 1,2,4‐butanetriol (K_m=170 mM, k_cat=4.4 s⁻¹), 1,2‐pentanediol (K_m=52 mM, k_cat=0.85 s⁻¹) and 1,2‐hexanediol (K_m=97 mM, k_cat=2.0 s⁻¹) were readily accepted by AldO. Furthermore, the enzyme was highly enantioselective for the oxidation of 1,2‐diols [e.g., for 1‐phenyl‐1,2‐ethanediol the (R)‐enantiomer was preferred with an E‐value of 74]. For several diols the oxidation products were determined by GC‐MS and NMR. Interestingly, for all tested 1,2‐diols the products were found to be the α‐hydroxy acids instead of the expected α‐hydroxy aldehydes. Incubation of (R)‐1‐phenyl‐1,2‐ethanediol with ¹⁸O‐labelled water (H₂¹⁸O) revealed that a second enzymatic oxidation step occurs via the hydrate product intermediate. The relaxed substrate specificity, excellent enantioselectivity, and independence of coenzymes make AldO an attractive enzyme for the preparation of optically pure 1,2‐diols and α‐hydroxy acids.     

An Alcohol Dehydrogenase from the Short-Chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase Family of Enzymes for the Lactonization of Hexane-1,6-diol

Biocatalytic production of lactones, and in particular ϵ-caprolactone (CL), have gained increasing interest as a greener route to polymer building blocks, especially through the use of Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs). Despite several advances in the field, BVMOs, however, still suffer several practical limitations. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)-mediated lactonization of diols in turn has received far less attention and very few enzymes have been identified for the conversion of diols to lactones, with horse-liver ADH (HLADH) remaining the catalyst of choice. Screening of a diverse panel of ADHs, AaSDR-1, a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family, was found to produce ϵ-caprolactone from hexane-1,6-diol. Moreover, cofactor regeneration by an NADH oxidase eliminated the requirement of co-substrates, yielding water as the sole by-product. Despite lower turnover frequencies as compared to HLADH, higher selectivity was found for the production of CL, with HLADH forming significant amounts of 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid and adipic acid through aldehyde dehydrogenation/oxidation of the gem-diol intermediates. Also, CL yield were shown to be dependent on buffer choice, as structural elucidation of a Tris adduct confirmed the buffer amine to react with aliphatic aldehydes forming a Schiff-base intermediate which through further ADH oxidation, forms a tricyclic acetal product.     

Poly(ε-caprolactone) Diols (HOPCLOH) and Their Poly(ester-urethanes) (PEUs): The Effect of Linear Aliphatic Diols [HO–(CH2)m–OH] as Initiators

α,ω-Hydroxy telechelic poly(ε-caprolactones) were prepared by ring-opening polymerization of the ε-caprolactone catalyzed by ammonium decamolybdate in the presence of different aliphatic diols [HO–(CH₂)_m–OH, where m?=?2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16] as initiators to obtain a family of α,ω-hydroxy telechelic poly(ε-caprolactone) [HO–PCL–O–(CH₂)_m–O–PCL–OH, m?=?2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16]. The content of the alkyl group (AG) (–(CH₂)_m–) had an important effect on the crystallinity (x_i) of α,ω-hydroxy telechelic poly(ε-caprolactone), showing a proportional relationship. In poly(ester-urethanes) derived from α,ω-hydroxy telechelic poly(ε-caprolactones) and 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, the AG also showed a similar effect on the x_i and eventually on the mechanical properties, increasing the values of the modulus. Therefore, AG content was a factor to induce a plastic behavior in poly(ester-urethanes). The effect of AG on the water uptake of poly(ester-urethanes) after 1 week was negligible.     

新试剂1-(6-硝基-2-苯并噻唑)-3-(4-硝基苯)-三氮烯的合成及分析性能研究

报道了新试剂 1 - ( 6 -硝基 - 2 -苯并噻唑 ) - 3- ( 4-硝基苯 ) -三氮烯 ( NBTNPT)的合成方法。对其分析性能 ,与金属离子镉、汞、锌等显色反应进行了研究。结果表明 :在非离子表面活性剂 Triton X- 1 0 0存在下 ,NBTNPT存在二级离解 ,离解常数分别为 p K1 =6 .1和 p K2 =1 0 .0 ,若应用双峰双波长法测定 ,NBTNPT与 Cd( )、Hg( )、Zn( )显色反应均具有较高的灵敏度 ,其表观摩尔吸光系数分别为 2 .82× 1 0 5、2 .2 1× 1 0 5、1 .76× 1 0 5L·mol- 1 · cm- 1 ,且分别在 0～ 7μg/2 5 m L、0～ 6 μg/2 5 m L、0～ 6 μg/2 5 m L范围内符合比尔定律。     

聚酯二元醇合成工艺的研究

由于二元醇在合成过程中的损失,造成实际相对分子质量与理论相对分子质量相差较大,因此,为弥补二元醇的损失,一般将二元醇的质量过量．用共沸蒸馏、一步投料的方法,对二元醇过量的质量及其出水速率进行了初步的研究．研究结果表明：①二元醇过量H〈0．011mol,则实际相对分子质量远远大于设计的相对分子质量;反之,若H〉0．011mol,则实际相对分子质量比设计的相对分子质量要小．②出水速率如果过快,即7h就达到理论出水量的90％,则实际相对分子质量与设计相对分子质量相差较大;而出水速率是0．84mL／h,12h达到理论出水量的90％,实际相对分子质量与设计相对分子质量比较接近．确定了二元醇过量的质量为H=0.011mol、出水速率控制在0．84mL／h时为最佳条件,从而实现了最终产物相对分子质量接近按投料比计算设计的相对分子质量的试验设计方案,为聚酯二元醇的合成提供参考依据．     

Aerobic Oxidation of Vicinal Diols Catalyzed by an Anderson‐Type Polyoxometalate, [IMo6O24]5–

An Anderson‐type polyoxometalate, [I^VIIMo₆O₂₄]^5–, has been used as a catalyst for the aerobic oxidation at 80 °C of vicinal diols (glycols). This is the first report on the use of such a polyoxometalate as an oxidation catalyst. Reactivity and selectivity were dependent on the substrate. Thus, aryl‐substituted diols yielded mostly the carbon‐carbon bond cleavage products, while 1,2‐cyclohexanediol yielded cyclohexanone‐2‐ol and 1,2‐cyclohexanedione. Aliphatic diols were less reactive but yielded carbon‐carbon bond cleavage products in the presence of additional acid. An abbreviated mechanistic study was carried out indicating that the polyoxometalate oxidizes the diol to the various products even under anaerobic conditions. The reduced polyoxometalates (heteropoly blues and heteropoly browns) formed in the oxidation of the diols are re‐oxidized by the molecular oxygen.     

Base‐Catalyzed Cascade 1,3‐H Shift/Cyclization Reaction to Construct Polyaromatic Furans

A convenient new method was developed to prepare unfused polyaromatic furan derivatives from diynyl‐1,6‐diols through a novel base‐catalyzed cascade 1,3‐H shift/cyclization process. Deuterium experiments were performed to determine that the 1,3‐H shift was the rate‐determining step.     

生物质多元醇选择性催化氢解制小分子二元醇研究进展

乙二醇、1,2-/1,3-丙二醇等小分子二元醇在精细和有机化工、生物医药等领域应用广泛。与石化路径相比,以可再生的生物质多元醇（丙三醇、山梨醇/木糖醇）为原料选择性催化氢解制取上述小分子二元醇具有过程简单、绿色高效等显著优势,已成为生物质催化转化的研究热点。本文综述了典型生物质多元醇山梨醇/木糖醇和丙三醇选择性催化氢解为乙二醇、1,2-/1,3-丙二醇等小分子二元醇,重点阐述了丙三醇选择性氢解制1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇和山梨醇/木糖醇选择性氢解制小分子二元醇的催化剂体系和反应机理,并对该领域的发展前景作了展望,提出开发高效稳定的催化剂体系和工艺是未来的研究重点。     

1-(4-安替比林)-3-(3-硝基苯胺)三氮烯的合成及其与金（Ⅲ）的显色反应

合成并鉴定了一种三氮烯试剂1-(4-安替比林)-3-(3-硝基苯胺)三氮烯(ANTA),研究了该试剂与Au（Ⅲ）的显色反应条件,并建立了一个测定Au（Ⅲ）的光度分析新方法。结果表明,在Triton X-100溶液存在下,ANTA与Au（Ⅲ） 在硼砂-氢氧化钠缓冲溶液中发生灵敏的显色反应,生成络合比为2∶1的橙红色络合物。该络合物的最大吸收峰位于515 nm,表观摩尔吸收系数为1.9×105 L·mol-1·cm-1,在10 mL溶液中,Au（Ⅲ）量在0.5～8.0 μg之间符合比尔定律,检出限为0.20 mg/L。共存干扰离子实验表明该显色反应具有较强的抗干扰能力。方法用于金矿石样品中Au（Ⅲ）的测定,结果与原子吸收光谱法一致,相对标准偏差(n=6)≤0.6%。     

Studies on thermoplastic polyurethanes based on new diphenylethane‐derivative diols. III. The effect of molecular weight and structure of soft segment on some properties of segmented polyurethanes

Two series of poly(ether urethane)s and one series of poly(ester urethane)s were synthesized, containing, respectively, poly(oxytetramethylene) diol (PTMO) of M _n = 1000 and 2000 and poly(ε‐caprolactone) diol of M _n = 2000 as soft segments. In each series the same hard segment, i.e., 4,4′‐(ethane‐1,2‐diyl)bis(benzenethiohexanol)/hexane‐1,6‐diyl diisocyanate, with different content (～ 14–72 wt %) was used. The polymers were prepared by a one‐step melt polymerization in the presence of dibutyltin dilaurate as a catalyst, at the molar ratio of NCO/OH = 1 (in the case of the polymers from PTMO of M _n = 1000 also at 1.05). For all polymers structures (by FTIR and X‐ray diffraction analysis) and physicochemical, thermal (by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis), and tensile properties as well as Shore A/D hardness were determined. The resulting polymers were thermoplastic materials with partially crystalline structures (except the polymer with the highest content of PTMO of M _n = 2000). It was found that the poly(ether urethane)s showed lower crystallinity, glass‐transition temperature (T_g), and hardness as well as better thermal stability than the poly(ester urethane)s. Poly(ether urethane)s also exhibited higher tensile strength (up to 23.5 MPa vs. 20.3 MPa) and elongation at break (up to ～ 1950% vs. 1200%) in comparison with the corresponding poly(ester urethane)s. Among the poly(ether urethane)s an increase in soft‐segment length was accompanied by an increase in thermal stability, tensile strength, and elongation at break, as well as a decrease in T_g, crystallinity, and hardness. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008