A thermocouple vacuum gauge for low vacuum measurement

The construction of a thermocouple vacuum gauge for the range of pressures from 200 to 800 mbar is reported. The gauge differs from similar ones that cover the medium vacuum region. The main difference is that the thermocouple is not fixed to the filament, as usual, but is placed at some distance from the filament.     

真空电弧等离子体合成(BixSb1-x)2Te3纳米粉末材料

以单质Bi,Sb和Te粉末为原材料,通过真空电弧等离子体蒸发法合成了(Bi<,x>Sb<,1-x>)<,2>Te<,3>热电粉末材料.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、能谱分析(EDS),场发射扫描电子显微术(FE-SEM),透射电子显微术(TEM)和选区电子衍射(SAED)分析方法对(Bi<,x>Sb<,1-x>)<,2>Te<,3>粉末材料的物相结构、成分和形貌进行了表征.XRD图谱的3强衍射峰分别为(015),(1010)和(110),(Bi<,x>Sb<,1-x>)<,2>Te<,3>纳米粉末的XRD图谱与标准XPD图谱峰(49-1713)相对应,宽化的衍射峰表明了粉末的晶粒具有纳米尺度.能谱定量分析表明Bi和Sb的原子百分比分别为18.1%,20.3%,两者原子百分比之和为38.4%,Te的原子百分比是61.6%.场发射扫描电子显微分析表明纳米粉末颗粒尺寸比较均匀,粉末存在团聚现象,大多数粉末都呈椭球形.透射电子显微分析表明(Bi<,x>Sb<,1-x>)<,2>Te<,3>纳米粉末的平均粒径约为50 mm,粉末呈不规则的多面体结构,还有一些薄片状和棒状的结构,这与Bi<,2>Te<,3>基半导体化合物的高度各向异性是一致的.(Bi<,x>Sb<,1-x>)<,2>Te<,3>纳米粉末的选区电子衍射图表明每一个颗粒是由许多小晶核组成的,证明了颗粒是以纳米尺度生长.由于晶粒取向随机,且晶粒细小引起有许多衍射斑组成的衍射环的宽化,揭示了(Bi<,x>Sb<,1-x>)<,2>Te<,3>纳米粉末的多晶结构.     

解决减一线柴油精制水洗后污水高COD新措施探讨

克拉玛依石化公司减一线柴油在轻质油装置碱洗精制过程中经常出现水洗后污水中的COD大大超过环保指标。本文针对上述生产问题,科学分析了产生的原因,探讨超声波破乳新技术来解决解决污水达标排放的问题。     

Modelling of mass transfer and texture evaluation during osmotic dehydration of melon under vacuum

The influence of vacuum time and solution concentration on mass transfer and mechanical properties of osmodehydrated melon cubes has been studied. Pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration (PVOD) was carried out at 30 °C for 4 h, using sucrose solutions (40, 50 or 60°Brix) and applying a vacuum pulse (100 mbar for 5, 10 or 15 min). Kinetics of water loss, solid gain and stress at rupture were analysed, as well as effective diffusivities using the hydrodynamic model. The increase in solution concentration favoured water removal, but no significant effect of vacuum time was observed. The use of less concentrated solutions coupled to the action of vacuum pulse resulted in greater solid uptake. Samples subjected to PVOD using 60°Brix sucrose solution presented greater water loss, lower sugar uptake and better maintenance of fresh fruit texture throughout the process. Diffusion coefficients estimated by the hydrodynamic model showed a good fit to the experimental data.     

煤矿低浓瓦斯提纯技术及经济性分析

煤矿瓦斯提纯技术是低浓度瓦斯利用的一项新兴技术,该技术对煤矿的瓦斯能源有效利用、环境保护有着重要的现实意义;就瓦斯提纯技术,注重从瓦斯提纯的方案、特点、工艺及经济效益等进行了详细的阐述,以期为煤矿瓦斯利用事业提供有益的参考。     

Development and characterization of vacuum plasma sprayed thin film solid oxide fuel cells

The vacuum plasma spraying (VPS) process allows the production of thin solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with low internal resistances. This enables the reduction of the cell operating temperature without a significant decrease in power density. Consequently, the long-term stability of the cells can be improved and low-cost materials can be used. Different material combinations and spray parameter variations were applied to develop thin-film SOFCs, which were plasma sprayed in a consecutive deposition process onto different porous metallic substrates. The use of Laval nozzles, which were developed at the German Aerospace Center (DLR), and the use of conical F4V standard nozzles enable the fabrication of thin gas tight yttria- and scandia-stabilized ZrO₂ (YSZ and ScSZ) electrolyte layers and of porous electrode layers with high material deposition rates. The optimization of the VPS parameters has been supported by laser doppler anemometry (LDA) investigations. The development of the plasma-sprayed cells with a total thickness of approximately 100 μm requires an overall electrical and electrochemical characterization process of the single layers and of the completely plasma-sprayed cell assembly. The plasma-sprayed cell layers reveal high electrical conductivities. The plasma-sprayed cells show very good electrochemical performance and low internal resistances. Power densities of 300 to 400 mW/cm² at low operating temperatures of 750 to 800 °C were achieved. These cells can be assembled to high performance SOFC stacks with active cell areas up to 400 cm², which can be operated at reduced temperatures and good long-term stability.     

制造耐磨耐烧蚀炮管的新方法

介绍制造耐磨、耐烧蚀炮管的两种新方法,即真空等离子喷涂法和真空烧结涂层法,着重阐述了它们的优点和工艺过程。     

不同渣油体系液相炭化过程的相态行为

采用热台们光显微镜观察了大庆、胜利、孤岛三种减压渣油热过程体系液相炭化的相分离行为。结果表明渣油在液相炭化过程中的相态转化经历物理相变和化学相交两个阶段。同时考察了热处理温度和芳香性掺兑物对渣油相态行为的影响。     

电脱盐操作条件的优化

通过对处理沙特轻质原油的常减压电脱盐装置主要工艺参数的优化,摸索出适宜的操作条件,即脱盐温度140～145℃,破乳剂加注量30～35 μg/g、注水量4％±0.2％,一、二级混合强度分别为0.05 MPa和0.06 MPa,从而使脱后原油盐含量降至3mg/L以下,水质量分数降至0.1％以下,为装置降低能耗、减轻设备腐蚀、安全平稳生产创造了条件。