回收废旧电池制备功能材料研究进展

废旧电池中含有大量的金属物质,如果不妥善处理,会造成严重的环境污染和资源浪费。而将废旧电池回收之后用于制备功能材料,既能有效解决废旧电池难处置、危害大的问题,又可以减少功能材料的制备成本。文章首先概述了电池的组成及种类、废旧电池的回收意义与回收和处理现状;其次重点介绍了回收废旧电池制备功能材料的研究现状和最新进展,根据废旧电池制备功能材料所采用回收工艺的不同对废旧电池的回收利用进行了分类;最后探讨了目前回收废旧电池制备功能材料所存在的一些问题,并指出简单处理废旧电池制备功能材料将会是未来的主要发展趋势。     

炭化活化条件对Cu/AC表面Cu价态及其催化降解苯酚的影响

采用前体浸渍法研制了生物质基载铜活性炭催化剂（Cu/AC）,利用N₂-吸附脱附、X射线光电子能谱等技术对Cu/AC性质进行了表征,在固定床反应器中研究了不同炭化活化条件所得Cu/AC催化湿式氧化降解苯酚性能。结果表明：Cu/AC表面Cu物种以Cu²⁺和（Cu⁺+Cu⁰）共存。随着制备Cu/AC炭化温度的升高,炭化过程中产生更多的挥发分,促进Cu²⁺还原为Cu⁺和Cu⁰,（Cu⁺+Cu⁰）含量增大,Cu/AC降解苯酚催化活性逐渐升高;随着炭化时间延长,（Cu⁺+Cu⁰）含量下降,Cu₂O、CuO较好地并入载体使晶格氧含量增加,催化活性先升高后下降;随着活化温度升高和活化时间延长,Cu/AC比表面积达到1096.1m²/g并有大量微孔生成,大量含氧官能团分解将炭化过程中还原生成的（Cu⁺+Cu⁰）氧化为Cu²⁺,晶格氧含量增加,催化活性随着活化温度的升高而升高,随着活化时间的延长先升高后下降。催化湿式氧化降解苯酚过程中,Cu/AC具有良好的稳定性和低的Cu离子浸出浓度。Cu/AC的最优制备条件为炭化温度800℃,炭化时间2h,活化温度880℃,活化时间为2h,所得Cu/AC在反应8.5h时实现98.5%的苯酚转化率和91.1%的COD转化率。     

Rapid synthesis of Gd2Zr2O7 ceramics by flash sintering and its aqueous durability

The high radiation resistance and long time stability of Gd₂Zr₂O₇ ceramics make it a promising candidate for high level waste (HLW) immobilization materials. In this study, single phase nanocrystalline Gd₂Zr₂O₇ was successfully synthesized and consolidated at temperatures around 1050 °C for only 1 min by flash sintering for the first time. The phase evolution and microstructural development during flash sintering were systematically studied and compared with the conventionally sintered samples. The flash sintered Gd₂Zr₂O₇ exhibit defect fluorite structure, and a following heat treatment at 1400 °C could transform the Gd₂Zr₂O₇ ceramics from defect fluorite phase into pyrochlore phase. The MCC-1 leaching test shows that the flash sintered Gd₂Zr₂O₇ samples exhibit good aqueous durability.     

光伏废料制备Si3N4-SiC材料的抗氧化性和抗侵蚀性

将光伏废料经酸洗除杂后,与硅粉按85∶15的质量比配料,以聚乙二醇做结合剂,成型为10 mm×10 mm×20 mm的生坯后,在1380℃保温2 h氮化制成Si3N4-SiC材料,然后研究了该Si3N4-SiC材料的抗氧化性和抗侵蚀性。结果表明:1)制备的Si3N4-SiC材料在空气气氛中抗氧化性较好,主要是由于其氧化产物Si2N2O和SiO2填充气孔,促进烧结,提高了试样的致密度。2)在静态熔盐(Na3AlF6)中的抗侵蚀性能较好,主要是由于Na3AlF6渗入气孔中,使其显气孔率降低。3)在动态熔盐中的抗侵蚀性相对变差,主要是由于CO2气体的搅拌和对Si3N4、SiC的氧化二者共同作用的结果。     

导热绝缘PE-LD/PE-g-MAH/h-BN泡沫塑料的制备及性能研究

采用熔融共混法制备了一系列导热绝缘的低密度聚乙烯/马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯/六方氮化硼(PE-LD/PE-g-MAH/h-BN新型泡沫塑料,研究了相容剂PE-g-MAH的加入、h-BN含量对PE-LD/PE-g-MAH/h-BN泡沫体系导热性能、绝缘性能、力学性能及热稳定性的影响。结果表明,PE-g-MAH有利于增加PE?LD与h?BN的界面黏结,增强泡沫体系拉伸强度和断裂伸长率,显著提高其热导性能;当h-BN含量为30 %时, PE-LD/PE-g-MAH/h-BN泡沫体系的导热率为0.256 W/(m·K),相对于PE-LD/h-BN泡沫体系的0.217 W/(m·K) 和纯PE-LD泡沫体系的0.039 W/(m·K),热导率分别提高1.18和6.57倍,同时保持较好的绝缘性和热稳性。     

聚苯乙烯/交联丙烯酸甲酯共混物的制备及其发泡性能研究

将聚苯乙烯（PS）颗粒溶解到二乙烯基苯（DVB）、丙烯酸甲酯（MA）与偶氮二异丁腈（AIBN）的混合物中,通过加热引发MA聚合,获得PS/交联PMA共混物, 采用釜压法制备了PS/交联PMA共混物泡沫。采用全自动视频光学接触角测试仪、差示扫描量热仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、动态力学分析仪对PS/交联PMA共混物的结构和性能进行了表征,并通过扫描电子显微镜对PS/交联PMA共混物泡沫的结构进行了表征。结果表明,交联PMA的引入能提高体系的成核效率,随着MA用量的增加,PS/交联PMA共混物的接触角从PS的100.5 °降至86.1 °;当MA的用量为9.6份（质量份,下同）时,PS/交联PMA共混物的泡孔尺寸主要分布在40~60 μm之间,泡孔尺寸分布明显变窄,泡孔密度达到了1.2×10⁸ 个/cm³。     

制备工艺对聚氨酯酰亚胺泡沫性能的影响

以均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)、多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯(PAPI)、聚醚多元醇为主要原料,分别采用聚酰亚胺(PI)预聚法、聚氨酯(PU)预聚法和一步法制备聚氨酯酰亚胺泡沫,从微观形貌、力学性能、热稳定性能以及阻燃性能方面对上述3种制备工艺进行对比和评估。实验结果表明,采用一步法制备PUI泡沫时,PU链段和PI链段同时增长,容易造成泡孔缺陷,导致泡沫的力学性能较差;在采用PU预聚法制备的PUI泡沫中,PU链段含量较高,因此,泡孔孔径分布较宽且平均泡孔直径较大,对应的热稳定性和阻燃性能较差;采用PI预聚法制备的PUI泡沫的泡孔孔径分布窄且平均泡孔直径较小,对应的压缩性能、热稳定性以及阻燃性能均达到最佳。     

Formulation of a Biodegradable Detergent for Cleaning Oily Residues Generated during Industrial Processes

The use of toxic petroleum-based heavy oils is common in industrial processes. The cleaning of machines, equipment, and other surface covered in these oils is achieved with expensive products that are often also toxic and harmful to both the health of workers and the environment. The present paper proposes the development of a sustainable biodetergent made from plant-based materials. Tests were performed to determine the properties of the biodetergent in terms of its surfactant and emulsifying capacities, stability, toxicity, and the removal of heavy oil from glass plates and metallic surfaces. The formulation was composed of a natural solvent (cottonseed oil), a plant-based surfactant agent (saponin), and two natural stabilizers (carboxymethylcellulose and glycerine). The formulation was stable, nontoxic, and highly efficient, removing 100% of the heavy oil from glass and metallic surfaces. This solution developed in this study could be used in diverse industries with the need to clean machines and parts encrusted with oil and grease as well as the cleaning of floors covered with petroleum-based residues. A preliminary analysis of the economic feasibility of using the detergent was carried out at a Brazilian power plant. Besides the reduction in environmental impact due to the use of a nontoxic, biodegradable product as well as the reduction in health risks to workers associated with toxic cleaning products, this new product can have a considerable impact on the market as an environmentally friendly solution.     

Making reusable reaction-bonded silicon nitride crucibles for silicon casting from kerf-loss silicon waste

Silicon kerf loss during wafer slicing and the broken quartz crucibles after silicon casting are two major solid wastes from photovoltaic (PV) industry. Especially, the recycle of kerf-loss silicon has become an urgent issue because near 100 000 t of solid wastes are generated every year. One of the most meaningful recycle routes of the kerf-loss silicon is to make silicon nitride crucibles to replace the quartz crucibles. In this study, we demonstrated how this is feasible through acid leaching refining, slip casting, and nitridation. The reaction-bonded silicon nitride (RBSN) crucibles after oxidation were found pure enough for silicon ingot growth. More importantly, they could be reused after ingot growth. With the present examples, the potential of using the kerf-loss silicon for fine ceramics is prominent.     

废磺酸的处理技术

废磺酸由于色泽深、酸值高、游离油高等问题,无法正常应用于洗涤剂中,又因其是强的有机酸,属于危化品,无法倾倒、无法储存,日积月累,大量的废磺酸处理成为企业棘手的问题。本文通过中和和漂白工艺,将其应用于工业清洗中,解决了企业难题。