ZnPd/ZnO Aerogels as Potential Catalytic Materials

Many different aerogel materials are known to be accessible via the controlled destabilization of the respective nanoparticle suspensions. Especially for applications in heterogeneous catalysis such materials with high specific surface areas are highly desirable. Here, a facile method to obtain a mixed ZnPd/ZnO aerogel via a reductive treatment of a preformed Pd/ZnO aerogel is presented. Different morphologies of the Pd/ZnO aerogels could be achieved by controlling the destabilization of the ZnO sol. All aerogels show a high CO₂ selectivity of up to 96% and a very good activity in methanol steam reforming that delivers hydrogen, which is one of the most important fuels for future energy concepts. The method presented is promising for different transition metal/metal oxide systems and hence opens a path to a huge variety of materials.     

负荷跟踪发电系统自适应控制方法

随着智能电网的建设,电力系统要求发电机组既能快速响应负荷变化,又能保证自身安全经济地运行。发电系统中锅炉蒸汽温度控制过程的动态特性随负荷的大小而变化,并且存在控制量和操作量产生相互干扰等问题。文中提出了一种能够进行负荷跟踪的模型参考自适应控制系统,并利用梯度法推导出可以快速调节误差的参量调整机构,以确保系统的稳定性和抗干扰性。并进行了数据仿真,其仿真结果表明,采用模型参考自适应控制系统能够得到动态性能参数和控制效果,具有一定的理论指导意义和应用前景。     

印制板行业水污染中铜的困扰

叙述印制板行业目前执行的水污染物排放的国家和地方标准,在污水处理中如何解决铜含量达到国家二级标准(1.0mg/L)和一级标准(0.5mg/L)的困扰,叙述铜对人体和动植物的毒害情况,世界各国污水排放铜的标准,提出了改变这种状况的建议。     

锅炉尾部烟气余热深度利用浅析

为深入分析燃煤锅炉尾部受热面低温腐蚀的机理,找到尾部余热深度利用的可行之法,本文从低温腐蚀原理、硫酸露点及其凝结形成机理出发,根据我国实际情况,分析比较了国内外使用的预防低温腐蚀、降低排烟温度、高效回收排烟余热的技术、设备及方法的优缺点,结合有效腐蚀理论,指出锅炉尾部烟气余热深度利用的研究方向。     

陶瓷封装电路内部水汽的稳定性控制

简述了集成电路陶瓷封装内部水汽含量的不稳定性,主要是由粘接材料导电胶在高温下分解释放出的水汽所造成的.不同的封装温度内部水汽含量不一样.说明导电胶应充分固化,尽可能在较低的温度下进行封盖.     

Consumption and production waste: another externality of tobacco use

OBJECTIVE: To describe the waste produced by and environmental implications of individual cigarette consumption (filter tips, packages, and cartons) and tobacco manufacturing. STUDY SELECTION: All available articles and reports published since 1970 related to cigarette consumption and production waste were reviewed. DATA SOURCES: Global cigarette consumption data were used to estimate cigarette butt and packaging waste quantities. Data from the Center for Marine Conservation's International Coastal Cleanup Project were used to describe some environmental impacts of tobacco-related trash. Data from the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Toxics Release Inventory and reported global cigarette consumption totals were used to estimate waste production from cigarette manufacturing. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: In 1995, an estimated 5.535 trillion cigarettes (27,675 million cartons and 276,753 million packages) were sold by the tobacco industry globally. Some of the wastes from these products were properly deposited, but a large amount of tobacco consumption waste ends up in the environment. Some is recovered during environmental clean-up days. For the past eight years (1990-1997), cigarette butts have been the leading item found during the International Coastal Cleanup Project; they accounted for 19.1% of all items collected in 1997. The tobacco manufacturing process produces liquid, solid, and airborne waste. Among those wastes, some materials, including nicotine, are designated by the EPA as Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) chemicals. These are possible environmental health hazards. In 1995, the global tobacco industry produced an estimated 2262 million kilograms of manufacturing waste and 209 million kilograms of chemical waste. In addition, total nicotine waste produced in the manufacture of reduced nicotine cigarettes was estimated at 300 million kilograms. CONCLUSIONS: Laws against littering relative to cigarette butts could be better enforced. Additional taxes might be levied on cigarette products that would then be directed to environmental clean-up efforts. The tobacco industry should improve the biodegradability of filters, reduce packaging waste, and educate its customers. Worksites and public buildings should be encouraged or required to supply appropriate disposal mechanisms at all building entrances. Public awareness campaigns about the magnitude and prevention of cigarette consumption waste could be developed through partnerships among environmental groups, health organisations, and environmental protection agencies. Tobacco production waste should be a source of concern and regulation by governments throughout the world; it contains numerous chemicals which may be considered health hazards, not the least of which is nicotine produced in the manufacture of low-nicotine cigarettes.     

超声速环形蒸汽引射器凝结流场数值研究

采用时间相关法将描述湿蒸汽凝结流动的气-液两相控制方程进行耦合求解。采用Moses等提供的实验数据对缩放喷管算例进行了数值校验,验证了数值模型的可信度和准确性。在此基础上,对蒸汽引射流场内的水蒸汽凝结问题进行了数值仿真,结果表明:适当地提高引射总温、降低引射总压,可以减少流场中蒸汽的凝结量,同时也能降低凝结带来的性能损失。     

eFeed-Hungers.com: Mitigating global hunger crisis using next generation technologies

Hunger is a global crisis and impacting the world for a very long time. Significant efforts have been made in the past by various organizations employing various means to address this persisting problem. Despite this, it still remains far from being resolved. Recently, the United Nations has published a report on global hunger, which claims that the global food production is fairly enough to feed the entire world with a population of about 7.3 billion. However, a major quantity of the food grown is not channeled appropriately and effectively to reach the needy and thus gets wasted unfortunately. Using the advanced computer technologies, we devise and develop a web-based computational framework (eFeed-Hungers.com) that serves as a bridge between the food waste and the hunger to mitigate the hunger issue; the food waste is the excess, unused, edible food, which otherwise is destined to the dumpster unfortunately. The eFeed-Hungers.com encourages and assists the food waste donation announcements with the least minimal efforts with the best possible outreach. Through the eFeed-Hungers.com, the food donations are globally searchable by the needy, with enough additional information imparted for quick decisions making to fetch the appropriate donated food. The eFeed-Hungers.com is envisioned to be a fully functional organization eventually with global outreach.     

稠油热采过程中单井产能预测方法研究

为了使滨南采油厂每月产油量达到上级下达的指标,安排好生产计划,文中对蒸汽吞吐井周期内日产油量预测方法进行了研究。文中提出了用阿普斯(Arps)曲线描述周期内产量变化规律,应用线性回归法和二元回归法对变化曲线进行拟合,然后针对实际情况提出了产能预测方法。实例证明,预测方法简单可行且精度较高。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.