SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2-MgO固体酸催化剂的合成及其催化合成醋酸丙酸纤维素

用浸渍法制备SO24-/ZrO2-MgO固体酸催化剂,用X射线衍射、红外光谱、NH3程序升温脱附等方法对SO24-/ZrO2-MgO固体酸催化剂进行表征。结果表明,SO24-/ZrO2催化剂中加入适量的Mg有利于四方晶相ZrO2(t)的形成;有利于增加固体酸表面酸强度和酸量。SO24-/ZrO2-MgO催化剂在合成醋酸丙酸纤维素(CAP)的反应中有很高的活性,当n(ZrO2)∶n(MgO)=15∶1,焙烧温度500℃时,催化活性最佳,50℃下,反应8 h后,CAP收率达116.40%。     

Effect of Alkaline Hemicellulose Extraction on Kraft Pulp Fibers from Eucalyptus Grandis

Abstract

The alkaline extraction of hemicelluloses from hardwoods prior to pulping, for further conversion to value-added products, seems to be a promising pathway for paper mills to increase profit and improve sustainability. However, the amount of hemicellulose extracted will be limited by the requirement to maintain pulp quality and pulp yield in comparison to existing pulping processes. The effects of NaOH concentration, temperature, and time on hemicellulose extraction of Eucalyptus grandis were studied using a statistical experimental design. Extracted wood chips were subjected to kraft pulping to evaluate the effect of the extraction on cooking chemicals, pulp quality, and handsheet paper strengths. The selective xylan recovery (12.4% dry mass) from E. grandis combined with low-cooking, active alkali charge, and less cooking time advantaged the xylan extraction and subsequent modified kraft pulping process under the studied conditions. Pulp viscosity, breaking strength, and tensile index of handsheets were slightly improved.     

丙酸及丙酸乙醇的合成研究

以乙烯、乙醇、 氧化碳为原料,一步合成丙酸及其酯。在220℃,乙烯与 氧化碳的摩尔比为1:1 2条件下,反应25h,产品的收率92.5％以上。     

醋酸丙酸纤维素的合成与表征

采用非均相催化酯化法合成醋酸丙酸纤维素(CAP),研究了反应时间、温度和催化剂用量对CAP乙酰和丙酰取代度、特性粘度的影响,发现反应温度、反应时间和催化剂浓度增加虽可使产物的取代度增大,但粘度降低,得到优化的反应条件为:催化剂用量1%(wt,相对于纤维素),反应温度60℃,反应时间2 h。酯化反应使纤维素的结晶度降低。     

2-甲氧羰基-3-(4-羟苯基)丙酸甲酯的合成

4-苄氧基苯甲醛(Ⅱ)与丙二酸二甲酯脱水缩合,产生2-甲氧羰基-3-(4-羟苯基)丙烯酸甲酯(Ⅲ),收率为88%,化合物(Ⅲ)经过催化氢化,以95%的收率得到中间体2-甲氧羰基-3-(4-羟苯基)丙酸甲酯(Ⅰ),(Ⅰ)的合成总收率达到73.6%。产品的结构经过IR、ESI-MS1、H NMR确证。     

The effect of substrate on the composition of polyhydroxyalkanoates in enhanced biological phosphorus removal

This paper primarily evaluates the effect of external substrate type on the composition of polyhydroxyalkanoates in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). Two sets of sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) are operated for this purpose, one with acetate and the other with propionate as the sole carbon source at different influent COD/phosphate ratios in the range 6.7–20 mgCOD mg^?1P. Results indicate that propionate is a more efficient substrate for EBPR, enabling total phosphate removal regardless of the change in COD/phosphate ratio. Total polyhydroxyalkanoates formation of 267–291 mgCOD L^?1 with a slight increase at higher influent phosphorus levels is observed for acetate experiments, and a slightly lower level of 250–280 mgCOD L^?1, with a similar trend for propionate experiments. The volatile fatty acid type and composition in the influent induces a significant difference in the polyhydroxyalkanoates composition of the two sets of activated sludge sustained in corresponding SBR systems. Propionate is mostly stored as 3‐hydroxy‐2‐methylvalerate and polyhydroxyvalerate, while acetate is stored as polyhydroxybutyrate. The P uptake rate in SBRs fed with propionate is considerably higher than that in the acetate reactors. Parallel batch experiments yield different results, especially for systems fed with acetate, indicating that the enzymatic system to metabolize propionate is not rapidly established, always yielding a dominant polyhydroxybutyrate fraction in the generated polyhydroxyalkanoates regardless of the level of propionate in the feed. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Ginsenoside Compound K Ameliorates Development of Diabetic Kidney Disease through Inhibiting TLR4 Activation Induced by Microbially Produced Imidazole Propionate

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a common and devastating complication in diabetic patients, which is recognized as a large and growing problem leading to end-stage kidney disease. As dietary-mediated therapies are gradually becoming more acceptable to patients with DKD, we planned to find active compounds on preventing DKD progression from dietary material. The present paper reports the renoprotective properties and underlying mechanisms of ginsenoside compound K (CK), a major metabolite in serum after oral administration of ginseng. CK supplementation for 16 weeks could improve urine microalbumin, the ratio of urinary albumin/creatinine and renal morphological abnormal changes in db/db mice. In addition, CK supplementation reshaped the gut microbiota by decreasing the contents of Bacteroides and Paraprevotella and increasing the contents of Lactobacillu and Akkermansia at the genus level, as well as reduced histidine-derived microbial metabolite imidazole propionate (IMP) in the serum. We first found that IMP played a significant role in the progression of DKD through activating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). We also confirmed CK supplementation can down-regulate IMP-induced protein expression of the TLR4 signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. This study suggests that dietary CK could offer a better health benefit in the early intervention of DKD. From a nutrition perspective, CK or dietary material containing CK can possibly be developed as new adjuvant therapy products for DKD.     

对甲苯磺酸铜催化合成丙酸乙酯

研究了对甲苯磺酸铜催化丙酸与乙醇的酯化反应，考察了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间对酯化率的影响。实验结果表明，其较优条件为：丙酸0．1mol，醇酸摩尔比1．5：1，催化剂用量1．8mol％（基于丙酸的摩尔百分数），回流温度下反应2．0h，在此条件下酯化率可达93．6％。反应结束后对甲苯磺酸铜经过简单的相分离就可重复使用，无需再生，兼有均相和多相催化剂的优点。