Corrosion fatigue crack growth behaviour of low-alloy reactor pressure vessel steels under boiling water reactor conditions

The corrosion fatigue crack growth behaviour of different low-alloy reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels and weld filler/heat-affected zone materials was systematically characterized under simulated boiling water reactor normal water and hydrogen water chemistry conditions by low-frequency fatigue tests with pre-cracked fracture mechanics specimens. The experiments were performed in oxygenated or hydrogenated high-purity or sulphate/chloride containing water at temperatures from 150 to 288 °C.In this paper, the observed synergistic effects of environmental, material and loading parameters on the environmental acceleration of fatigue crack growth in low-alloy RPV steels are discussed in the context of the Ford-Andresen model. Additionally, the adequacy and conservatism of the current “ASME XI reference fatigue crack growth curves” of the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code are critically reviewed and assessed on the basis of the gathered experimental data base and this model. Based on the observed cracking behaviour and the Ford-Andresen model, a simple time-domain superposition model is suggested, which could reduce most of the undue conservatism and eliminate uncertainties of the existing codes and therefore serve as a basis for the development of improved reference fatigue crack growth curves.     

微量CaO对AZ81镁合金显微组织和耐腐蚀性能的影响

利用静态失重法,电化学测试方法,结合SEM和XRD等方法,研究了CaO添加量为0,0.1%,0.5%和0.9%(质量分数) 的AZ81镁合金显微组织和耐腐蚀性能.结果表明:当CaO的添加量为0.5%时,合金的晶粒得到明显细化,合金主要由α-Mg基体和Mg₁₇Al₁₂相组成,同时在合金中生成了新相Al₂Ca和Mg₂Ca;随着CaO添加量的增加,AZ81镁合金在3.5%(质量分数)NaCl溶液中的腐蚀速率先降低后升高,自腐蚀电位先升高后降低,自腐蚀电流密度先减小后增大,当CaO的添加量为0.5%时合金的腐蚀速率和自腐蚀电流密度最小,自腐蚀电位最高,耐腐蚀性能最好.     

The effects of sealing on cracking tendency of anodic films on 2024 aluminum alloy after heating up to 300 °C

The influence of sealing methods on cracking tendency of anodic films on 2024 alloys after heating was studied. The anodic films were sealed by the methods of ambient water, boiling water, nickel fluoride and potassium dichromate, respectively. The results showed that the sealing mechanisms had important effects on initiation of cracks in anodic films during sealing process. The condensation of sealing products resulted in cracking of anodic films during sealing in boiling water, nickel fluoride solution and ambient water. On heating, the thermal stress was released mainly by widening and deepening of the originally initiated cracks during sealing. The cracks may penetrate through the anodic films and have detrimental effect on corrosion resistance of the films. The dichromate sealed anodic film showed an obviously decreased cracking tendency, which was attributed to the lower hydration extent and the opening pores during sealing process. Even after heating, there was no crack observed in the film. The result suggests that an “opening sealing” mode is beneficial to decrease the cracking tendency of anodic films during sealing and heating processes.     

Towards a dynamic aggregate shopping model and its application to retail trading hour and market area analysis

The supermarket equation is a differential equation peculiar to spatial science. The complex form of this equation is presented here and is used to study aggregate consumer shopping patterns. The focus is the relationship between trips to, and shopping within, planned shopping centres relative to retail trading hour boundaries. In this context, five malls in Sydney are studied in the period prior to the introduction of deregulated shopping hours in 1992. The space-time convergence of aggregate consumer behaviour at these retail nodes show that the gravity coefficient can be treated in a temporal context. Estimates of mean trading hours can be made from the general solution and these are compared to alternative estimates from Fourier analysis. Time corrections to the gravity coefficient allow for a dynamic market area analysis, where the primary trade area can be determined relative to the trading hours of the shopping centre. A Sydney example shows how this methodology can be applied with population census data. Received: 13 November 1998 / Accepted: 14 September 1999     

Al-Li 单晶体流变应力的应变速率敏感性

Ａｌ－Ｌｉ二元单晶体的流变应力和应变速率，温度以及时效状态的关系可以符合动态应变时效的理论。负的应变速率敏感性是Ａｌ－Ｌｉ合金中锯齿流变产生的必要条件。     

Preliminary results on TeV sources search with AGILE

During its first 2 years of operation, the gamma-ray AGILE satellite almost completed a full study of the gamma-ray sky. This paper presents the preliminary results of the systematic study performed on the AGILE data to search for GeV counterparts and to derive flux upper limits of the TeV sources detected by various instruments (MAGIC, HESS, VERITAS, Cangaroo, MILAGRO, ARGO,….).     

AZ81-1.0Sm-0.6Nd镁合金的高温蠕变行为

研究了AZ81-1.0Sm-0.6Nd镁合金的高温蠕变行为。试验结果表明,在50~70 MPa、150~200℃条件下,AZ81-1.0Sm-0.6Nd合金的抗蠕变性能优于基体(AZ81),在150℃/50 MPa条件下,AZ81-1.0Sm-0.6Nd合金的稳态蠕变速率为8.82×10-7 s-1,明显低于AZ81合金的1.95×10-6 s-1的稳态蠕变速率。根据应力指数n值与蠕变激活能Qc值分析结果,随着蠕变试验温度和应力的增加,合金的蠕变机制也在发生变化。     

A new microbial method for more efficient production of Nalpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-aminoadipate delta-semialdehyde and Nalpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-D-aminoadipate delta-semialdehyde

A new biochemical method for more efficient production of Nalpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-aminoadipate delta-semialdehyde (Nalpha-Z-L-AASA) and Nalpha-Z-D-AASA was developed with cells of Rhodococcus sp. AIU Z-35-1. Using the cells harvested after 1 d of cultivation, more than 95 mM Nalpha-Z-L-AASA was produced from 100 mM Nalpha-Z-L-lysine by incubating at pH 5.0 for 1 d at 30 degrees C or by incubating at pH 7.0 for 2 d at 10 degrees C. A similar conversion yield of Nalpha-Z-D-AASA was also obtained under the same conditions. These reaction times required were 1/4 and 1/2 of the respective ones by the method with amine oxidase, and the yields of Nalpha-Z-L-AASA and Nalpha-Z-D-AASA were 2 times higher than the respective ones by the method with amine oxidase. In addition, this method had the advantages of not requiring purification of enzyme and addition of catalase. Thus, the microbial method proposed here was superior to the chemical and other biochemical methods in simplicity, reaction rate, and yield.