垂直轴潮流能水轮机不同翼型叶片空化规律

为研究垂直轴水轮机叶片翼型形状对叶片空化的影响,采用数值模拟方法,对相同条件下相同相对厚度不同相对弯度的翼型,以及相同相对弯度不同相对厚度的翼型做了空化仿真。仿真结果表明,相同相对厚度不同相对弯度的薄、厚两种翼型,随着相对弯度增大,空化现象越易出现。相同相对弯度不同相对厚度的对称、相对弯度不为零的两种翼型,随着相对厚度增大,空化现象越易出现。同时监测了不同情况下翼型的升力系数和阻力系数,考虑到空泡的出现对翼型升力和阻力有所影响,将能量转化参数中的升力系数、阻力系数和升阻比与空化性能结合起来讨论。并将翼型按照相对弯度与相对厚度分组,分别探讨了相对弯度和相对厚度对翼型空化的影响规律,翼形相对厚度相同时,相对弯度越大,或者翼形相对弯度相同,相对厚度越大,则更容易空化。     

Acoustic power measurement of linear compressors

The linear compressor works as an important driver for high frequency regenerative cryocoolers. The acoustic power output of the compressor is a critical parameter in the design and the optimization of a linear compressor. To measure this parameter, several approaches based on different theories have been developed. In this paper, the RC load approach and the back chamber approach have been applied to a linear compressor to measure the acoustic power output. The results measured by the approaches indicate a good consistency with the theoretical calculation and reveal the connections between different approaches.The difference between the acoustic power at the piston surface and the exit of a linear compressor has been analyzed based on the experimental results from the RC load approach and the back chamber approach. The volume flow rate difference which accounts for the acoustic power difference is studied theoretically. Furthermore, based on the RC load approach, the optimum impedance together with the impedance cloudy map for the linear compressor to reach its highest efficiency has been obtained by analyzing the experimental and the theoretical results.     

A Unified Analysis of Structured Sonar-Terrain Data Using Bayesian Functional Mixed Models

Sonar emits pulses of sound and uses the reflected echoes to gain information about target objects. It offers a low cost, complementary sensing modality for small robotic platforms. Although existing analytical approaches often assume independence across echoes, real sonar data can have more complicated structures due to device setup or experimental design. In this article, we consider sonar echo data collected from multiple terrain substrates with a dual-channel sonar head. Our goals are to identify the differential sonar responses to terrains and study the effectiveness of this dual-channel design in discriminating targets. We describe a unified analytical framework that achieves these goals rigorously, simultaneously, and automatically. The analysis was done by treating the echo envelope signals as functional responses and the terrain/channel information as covariates in a functional regression setting. We adopt functional mixed models that facilitate the estimation of terrain and channel effects while capturing the complex hierarchical structure in data. This unified analytical framework incorporates both Gaussian models and robust models. We fit the models using a full Bayesian approach, which enables us to perform multiple inferential tasks under the same modeling framework, including selecting models, estimating the effects of interest, identifying significant local regions, discriminating terrain types, and describing the discriminatory power of local regions. Our analysis of the sonar-terrain data identifies time regions that reflect differential sonar responses to terrains. The discriminant analysis suggests that a multi- or dual-channel design achieves target identification performance comparable with or better than a single-channel design. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

Freeze-thaw crack determination in cementitious materials using 3D X-ray computed tomography and acoustic emission

As concrete freezes and thaws cracks may develop. These cracks can provide a path for water and ionic species to penetrate the concrete. This may reduce the service-life of the concrete element. In this study, X-ray computed tomography (CT) was used as a non-destructive technique to characterize the microstructure of mortar samples that were exposed to different levels of freeze-thaw damage by varying degree of saturation in the samples (75, 90, 95, and 100% degrees of saturation). Acoustic emission (AE) experiments were performed during freezing and thawing to investigate sample cracking behavior. The volume of cracks present within the mortar samples after freezing and thawing were determined using X-ray CT and compared to passive acoustic emission data. The location/source of cracks was also determined using X-ray CT. The crack sources (i.e., void, aggregate, interfacial transition zone, or paste) were determined using X-ray CT and were related to AE activities during cracking. Crack volumes were found to increase with increased levels of saturation, and visual observations of cracking were found to correlate with AE signatures of various crack sources.     

Deep Scalogram Representations for Acoustic Scene Classification

Spectrogram representations of acoustic scenes have achieved competitive performance for acoustic scene classification. Yet, the spectrogram alone does not take into account a substantial amount of time-frequency information. In this study, we present an approach for exploring the benefits of deep scalogram representations, extracted in segments from an audio stream. The approach presented firstly transforms the segmented acoustic scenes into bump and morse scalograms, as well as spectrograms; secondly, the spectrograms or scalograms are sent into pre-trained convolutional neural networks; thirdly, the features extracted from a subsequent fully connected layer are fed into (bidirectional) gated recurrent neural networks, which are followed by a single highway layer and a softmax layer; finally, predictions from these three systems are fused by a margin sampling value strategy. We then evaluate the proposed approach using the acoustic scene classification data set of 2017 IEEE AASP Challenge on Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events (DCASE). On the evaluation set, an accuracy of 64.0% from bidirectional gated recurrent neural networks is obtained when fusing the spectrogram and the bump scalogram, which is an improvement on the 61.0% baseline result provided by the DCASE 2017 organisers. This result shows that extracted bump scalograms are capable of improving the classification accuracy, when fusing with a spectrogram-based system.      

阶梯溢流坝面坡度对一体化消能工水力特性的影响

为探求高水头、大单宽流量下坝面坡度对一体化消能工水力特性的影响,以阿海水电站为原型,采用三维k-ε双方程紊流模型,引入水气两相流VOF计算方法,利用几何重建格式来迭代生成自由水面,对1∶0.80、1∶0.75、1∶0.65三种阶梯面坡比进行数值模拟研究。结果表明:①最大负压值均位于首级阶梯立面凸角下1/4附近,并随坡度增加而增大。坡度为56.98°时,最大负压值为61.02 kPa,超过了6×9.81 kPa。②水流空化数在宽尾墩水舌出口位置出现最小值,空化数随坡度变陡而减小。坡度为56.98°时,空化数最小为0.358。坡度为51.34°时,空化数最大,为0.381。③随着阶梯溢流坝坝面坡度变缓,消力池最大临底流速增大。当坡度为51.34°时,消力池最大临底流速最大,达到26.84 m/s,超过了25 m/s,易发生冲磨破坏。当坡度为56.98°时,消力池最大临底流速最小,为24.00 m/s。消力池尾坎前最大临底流速随坡度增加而减小,坡度为56.98°时最小,为9.63 m/s;坡度为51.34°时,消力池尾坎前最大临底流速最大,为9.96 m/s。④坡度的变化对一体化消能工消能率的影响不大,坡度从51.34°增加到56.98°,消能率只提升0.15%。     

水力空化作用强化硬脂酰氯酰化大豆蛋白工艺的研究

以大豆粕为研究对象,通过水力空化作用强化硬脂酰氯酰化大豆蛋白工艺。利用自行设计的水力空化强化装置,采用单因素实验研究了水力空化压力、水力空化时间、水力空化温度、料液比对硬脂酰氯酰化大豆蛋白产物产率的影响。在此基础上,利用响应面优化了水力空化作用强化硬脂酰氯酰化大豆蛋白工艺条件,并对硬脂酰氯酰化大豆蛋白产物表面活性进行测定。结果表明:水力空化作用强化硬脂酰氯酰化大豆蛋白最优工艺条件为水力空化压力0.37 MPa、水力空化时间60min、水力空化温度58℃、料液比1.7∶1,此条件下的产率为95.27%;硬脂酰氯酰化大豆蛋白产物表面活性性能优越。     

Estimation of cavitation intensity from the time taken for bubbles to develop

In order to estimate the cavitation erosion rate, the time taken for cavitation bubbles to develop and the cavitation erosion intensity were investigated. The cavitation intensity was found to be proportional to the 7th power of the time taken for bubbles to develop. This is a similar dependency to the effect of scaling on cavitation erosion, which shows how the cavitation erosion rate increases with cavitating length.     

镁、锰、铁元素含量对5083铝合金超塑性行为的影响

采用金相、扫描电镜等检测手段，对不同镁、锰及铁元素含量5083铝合金超塑性变形后微观组织与结构进行观察。结果表明，在相同的应变率下，镁、锰、铁含量高的合金（合金A）形成了由Al-Mg-Fe及Al-Mg-Mn金属间化合物组成的第二相粒子，这些金属间化合物为超塑性变形中空洞的形核提供了条件。     

积石峡水电站中孔泄洪洞工作闸门门槽体形研究

 对于闸后为无压明流的平板工作闸门门槽,其水力特性与处在压力段内的事故闸门门槽相差较大。借助于数值计算的帮助,通过对积石峡水电站中孔泄洪洞工作闸门门槽体形试验研究,包括对原设计方案在内的6个方案的水力特性的比较,最后确定第三组修改方案,即加大门槽错距,扩大其下游棱角的弧半径及平缓后接坡度的优化方案,效果是比较好的。