油品二元掺混黏度预测模型评价研究

为较好的控制和预测石油化工过程中油品掺混后的黏度,获得对于不同工艺情形的精度较高的掺混黏度预测模型,以黏度比为工况划分标准,相对误差的绝对值及工程允许误差为评价准则,评价了8种二元油品掺混黏度的预测模型。得到了各个模型在全黏度比1～106内的黏度预测特性。计算分析了各个模型的预测精度。按黏度比,对掺混黏度预测做了模型的优选。结果表明,Arrhenius、Bingham、Kendall等基本模型的预测结果波动及误差较大,不推荐使用,黏度比在1～103时优选Chevron模型,黏度比在104～105时优选Cragoe模型,而黏度比在105～106时各模型都超出允许范围,且波动及偏差较大,预测效果不好,亟待开发出一种适用模型。     

顺序输送粘度差对混油量影响分析

针对两种不同粘度的后行柴油分别与同一种前行汽油顺序输送时存在的混油问题,借助CFD模拟仿真软件,建立了三维流动传质耦合模型。模拟计算结果表明,前行油品与后行油品的粘度差对顺序输送时的沿程混油量有显著影响。由横向混油截面的变化情况来看,混油初期后行柴油以弓形前锋曲面嵌入到前行油品中,运行30s其前锋曲面逐渐变尖且以锥形曲面向前行油品逐渐延伸;从纵向混油截面的变化情况来看,截面柴油以楔形前锋曲面从管道下部嵌入前行油品中;管道侧面、顶面和底面边界层区域的混油量均随粘度差的增大而减小,且底面边界层区域的混油量最大。     

B2O3对CaO基渣精炼的助熔作用和脱硫的影响

使用RTW-08熔体物性测定仪通过旋转粘度计法测定了熔渣的粘度.试验结果表明,B2O3和CaF2在46%CaO-10%BaO-11.2%SiO2-11.6%Al2O3基础渣系中的助熔效果相当;在CaO-SiO2-10%BaO-11.6%Al2O3-10%CaF2基渣的碱度(CaO+BaO)/(SiO2+B2O3)为2.5和2.8时,用B2O3替代1/4 SiO2后精炼渣高温熔化性能稳定,粘度值降低至0.3～0.5 Pa·s;碱度2.8时,含20.6%SiO2渣剂的脱硫率为85%(S含量由0.008%降至0.001 6%),而含10.3%SiO2-10.3%B2O3渣剂的脱硫率为91.3%(S含量由0.008%降至0.000 7%).     

为什么要根据原油粘度选择水驱特征曲线

介绍了与水驱特征曲线对应的含水率ｆｗ与可采储量采出程度Ｒ＊关系的推导过程，并指出ｆｗ—Ｒ＊关系是代表水驱油田驱替特征实质的含水上升规律。以前推荐的４种水驱特征曲线，即纳札洛夫曲线、马克西莫夫—童宪章曲线、西帕切夫曲线和沙卓诺夫曲线的ｆｗ—Ｒ＊关系可以反映油田不同的含水上升规律。原油粘度是影响油田含水上升规律最主要的天然因素。选择油田适用的水驱特征曲线的原则是使水驱特征曲线与实际油田的含水上升规律相符，其目的是找出可以尽早地、准确地进行计算和预测的水驱曲线。根据原油粘度选择水驱曲线有助于这个目的的实现和避免水驱曲线应用的盲目性。最后介绍了应用伊万诺娃ｆｗ与Ｒ＊图版和我国油田在Ｒ＊＝１．０时的累积水油比（ＷＰ／ＮＰ）Ｒ＊＝１．０与μｏ的关系以及油藏数值模拟的结果，确定使用水驱曲线的原油粘度界限（３ｍＰａ·ｓ和３０ｍＰａ·ｓ）的方法。     

Dissipative control systems synthesis with full state feedback

In this paper we present a general framework for synthesizing state feedback controllers to achieve any desired closed loop dissipative behavior. Special cases include positive real andH _∞ controller synthesis. We show that the solution to this dissipative controller synthesis problem is equivalent to the existence of a solution to a partial differential inequality (nonlinear systems case) or an algebraic Riccati inequality (linear systems case). Stability results can be obtained under appropriate detectability assumptions, and a generalization of the strict bounded real lemma is given. We also present an application of the results to a robust stabilization problem. This work was supported by the Cooperative Research Centre for Robert and Adaptive Systems (CRASys), Australia.     

Reduction of Friction by Functionalised Viscosity Index Improvers

A range of functionalised polymethacrylate copolymers have been synthesised with different functionalities, polymer architecture and molecular weight. It is shown that appropriately functionalised block copolymers give enhanced film thickness and greatly reduced friction under low entrainment speed conditions, even with polymer concentration as low as 1% wt. This behaviour almost certainly results from the formation of an adsorbed brush-like film of thickness ca 20 nm on each polar surface. These films provide a highly viscous inlet that promotes fluid entrainment and thus maintains a separating film down to very low entrainment speed. The adsorbed polymer films are also able to maintain separation in stationary contact conditions. Randomly distributed copolymers do not show this type of behaviour. The friction reduction observed is more effective in unidirectional, mixed sliding–rolling than in reciprocating, sliding conditions. However, it is found that functionalised polymers and conventional organic and molybdenum-based friction modifiers can be combined to provide effective friction reduction over the whole range of rubbing conditions.     

Film thickness in point contacts under generalized Newtonian EHL conditions: Numerical and experimental analysis

The current paper contributes to the understanding of the behaviour of a smooth point EHL contact with a generalized Newtonian lubricant under pure rolling. The film thickness distribution was computed using a numerical simulation with measured rheological lubricant properties. The numerical predictions, obtained solving the generalized Reynolds equation were compared with film thicknesses measured in an optical ball-on-disc device. The numerical results correctly predict the absolute film thickness and the film thickness increase with rolling speed.     

高粘度磁性液体的制备研究

采用直流电弧等离子体法 ,分别在 1个大气压的H2 +Ar和CH4+He混和气氛中制备了Fe、Ni、Fe-Ni合金磁性超微粒子 (UFP)。利用Fe、Ni、Fe-Ni合金超微粒子 ,选择适当的表面活性剂和载液 ,制备了高粘度磁性液体(ML) ,常温 (2 5℃ )粘度为 (2 6～ 6 0 )× 10 5mPa·s,高温 (85℃ )粘度为 (1 0～ 3 2 )× 10 5mPa·s,室温下饱和磁化强度为FeML 2 4 0 8～ 6 8 0 0Am2 /kg,NiML 10 19～ 17 83Am2 /kg,Fe-NiML 2 6 2 1～ 75 13Am2 /kg     

Inverse approach for estimating rheological characteristics of adsorption layer in thin film EHL contacts

A modified Reynolds equation is derived for thin film elastohydrodynamic lubrication (TFEHL) by means of the viscous adsorption theory. This TFEHL theory can be used to explain the deviation between the measured film thickness and that predicted from the convenient elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) theory under very thin film conditions. Results show that the thinner the film, the greater the ratio of the adsorption layer to the total film thickness becomes, and the greater the value of the pressure–viscosity index (z′). An inverse approach is proposed to estimate the pressure distribution based upon the film thickness measurement and to determine the pressure–viscosity index of oil film, and the thickness (δ) and the viscosity ratio (η^*) of the adsorption layer in TFEHL circular contacts. Based on TFEHL theory, the inverse approach can reduce z′ error, and provides a reasonably smooth curve of pressure profile by implementing the measurement error in the film thickness. This algorithm not only estimates the pressure, but also calibrates the film shape. Consequently, it predicts z′, η^*, and δ with very good accuracy. It can also be used to evaluate the lubrication performance from a film thickness map obtained from an optical EHL tester. Results show that the estimated value of z′ is in very good agreement with the experimental data.     

聚合物熔体微尺度剪切黏度测量方法与黏度模型

研究微尺度效应下聚合物熔体黏度时,发现不同入口修正方法获得的剪切黏度随特征尺寸变化的规律不同,这对于聚合物微成型理论和技术尤为重要。采用直径分别为1 000μm、500μm、350μm的毛细管口模,在相同试验条件下分别用零口模法和Bagley法两种入口修正方法,研究高密度聚乙烯(High density polyethylene,HDPE)、短链支化的聚丙烯(Polypropylene,PP)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂(Polymethylmethacrylate,PMMA)和聚苯乙烯(Polystyrene,PS)四种材料的剪切黏度变化规律。结果发现,两种方法获得的PMMA和PS黏度随口模直径变化的规律相反,指出传统入口修正方法在测量微尺度黏度时存在局限。基于入口收敛流动特征,提出一种考虑微尺度效应下压力影响的测量方法,并用该方法给出四种材料剪切黏度随口模直径变化的真实规律。试验剪切速度范围内,四种材料剪切黏度均随口模直径的减小而减小,平均变化幅度为9.9%～38.3%,并从分子结构角度揭示四种材料黏度变化程度不同的机理。基于黏度变化规律,采用唯象性方法建立适用于宏—微观尺度下的黏度模型。试验结果表明该模型的理论预测结果与试验结果平均误差小于3.7%,验证了模型的正确性和有效性。