Stack Modelling of a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)

A model of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) stack including internal steam reforming is presented. It comprises a symmetric section of the stack, consisting of one half indirect internal reforming unit (IIR) and four fuel cells. The model describes the gas phase compositions, the gas and solid temperatures and the current density distribution within the highly integrated system. The model assumptions, the differential equations and boundary conditions as well as the coupling equations used in the model are shown. The strategy to solve the system of partial differential equations is outlined. The simulation results show that the fuel cells within the stack operate at different temperatures. This is expected to have an impact on the voltages as well as the degradation rates within the individual fuel cells.     

熔融碳酸盐燃料电池/燃气轮机混合装置发展现状

被誉为绿色能源的熔融碳酸盐燃料电池具有高效无污染的突出优点,是21世纪最有吸引力的发电方法之一.高品位的废热使得它可以和燃气轮机组成混合装置系统,从而大幅度地提高装置整体效率,在分布式发电领域具有十分重要的意义.本文介绍了燃料电池及混合装置的基本工作原理,并对燃料电池/燃气轮机混合装置的国内外的发展现状做了综合评述.     

Hydrogen wettability in carbonate reservoirs: Implication for underground hydrogen storage from geochemical perspective

Hydrogen has been considered as a promising renewable source to replace fossil fuels to meet energy demand and achieve net-zero carbon emission target. Underground hydrogen storage attracts more interest as it shows potential to store hydrogen at large-scale safely and economically. Meanwhile, wettability is one of the most important formation parameters which can affect hydrogen injection rate, reproduction efficiency and storage capacity. However, current knowledge is still very limited on how fluid-rock interactions affect formation wettability at in-situ conditions. In this study, we thus performed geochemical modelling to interpret our previous brine contact angle measurements of H₂-brine-calcite system. The calcite surface potential at various temperatures, pressures and salinities was calculated to predict disjoining pressure. Moreover, the surface species concentrations of calcite and organic stearic acid were estimated to characterize calcite-organic acid electrostatic attractions and thus hydrogen wettability. The results of the study showed that increasing temperature increases the disjoining pressure on calcite surface, which intensifies the repulsion force of H₂ against calcite and increases the hydrophilicity. Increasing salinity decreases the disjoining pressure, leading to more H₂-wet and contact angle increment. Besides, increasing stearic acid concentration remarkably strengthens the adhesion force between calcite and organic acid, which leads to more hydrophobic and H₂-wet. In general, the results from geochemical modelling are consistent with experimental observations that decreasing temperature and increasing salinity and organic acid concentration increase water contact angle. This work also demonstrates the importance of involving geochemical modelling on H₂ wettability assessment during underground hydrogen storage.     

Mesophilic biohydrogen production from calcium hydroxide treated wheat straw

The use of Ca(OH)₂ pre-treatment to improve fermentative biohydrogen yields, from wheat straw was investigated. Wheat straw was pre-treated with 7.4% (w/w) Ca(OH)₂ at ambient temperature (20 °C) for 2, 5, 8, and 12 days, prior to 35 °C fermentation with sewage sludge inoculum. Biohydrogen yields were evaluated during dark fermentation and simultaneous saccharification fermentation (SSF) of total pre-treated straw material and compared to those from separated solid and hydrolysate fractions. Ca(OH)₂ pre-treatment followed by SSF, exhibited a synergetic relationship. On average, 58.78 mL-H₂ g-VS⁻¹ was produced from SSF of pre-treated and filtered solids. This was accompanied by approximately a 10-fold increase in volatile fatty acid production, compared to the untreated control. By omitting pre-treatment hydrolysate liquors from SSF, H₂ production increased on average by 35.8%, per VS of harvested straw. Additional inhibition studies indicated that CaCO₃, formed as a result of pre-treatment pH control, could promote homoacetogenesis and reduce biohydrogen yields.     

湿式搅拌磨细磨重质碳酸钙的实践和微粉加工工艺

介绍了ＧＳＤＭ－４００型超细盘式搅拌磨细磨不同产地重质碳酸钙的工艺实践，阐述了造纸涂布级重钙微粉的超细加工工艺，分析了各种工艺的特点和选择依据。     

水封式水力旋流器的研究及应用

通过性能试验表明，带有底流水封的水力旋流器消除了中心气流柱，在相同的操作条件下，其分离效率及底流增浓效果，均优于普通的水力旋流器。另外，对Ｓｖａｒｏｖｓｋｙ的模型作了局部修正，建立了水封式水力旋流器的切割粒径、粒级效率及阻力的数学模型，计算结果与试验结果基本吻合。最后介绍了φ５０ｍｍ五管并联的水封式水力旋流器在碳酸钙生产工艺中的应用情况。     

Low temperature water gas shift: Type and loading of metal impacts forward decomposition of pseudo-stabilized formate over metal/ceria catalysts

A similar degree of surface shell reduction of ceria was obtained for a series of metal/ceria catalysts. Surface formate species were generated by reaction of CO with bridging OH groups associated with the Ce³⁺ defects. Forward decomposition of the pseudo-stable formates was followed in flowing H₂O, leading to the production of surface carbonate species. The forward formate decomposition rate was enhanced changing the promoter from Au to Pt, and by increasing the promoter loading (from 0.5 to 2.5%). Results suggest that formate CH bond breaking is not only facilitated by H₂O, but it is further enhanced by type and loading of metal promoter. From earlier kinetic isotope effect and isotopic tracer studies, the rate-limiting step of the forward formate decomposition (WGS reaction) was considered to be associated with CH bond rupture of the formate. The results can explain the promotion in the WGS rates observed for these samples by changing from Au to Pt and by increasing the promoter loading.     

Explaining surface interactions for common associated gangues of rare earth minerals in response to the oxalic acid

In the flotation of rare earth minerals(REMs), oxalic acid is reportedly acting both as a depressant and p H modifier. Although results of testing have established the significance of oxalic acid in the flotation process, its specific role in either the recovery or selectivity of REMs over their common gangue minerals is not well understood. Pulp p H reduction trials with alternative acids have not shown the same effect on the REMs recovery or the depression of gangue phases. This work studies the effect of oxalic acid on the surface of common REMs gangue minerals(quartz and carbonates(dolomite and calcite)) in a series of conditioning tests. Gangue surface analyses by time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy(TOFSIMS) indicate that oxalic acid inhibits the transfer of secondary ions generated during the conditioning process from one mineral to another. In this regard, the oxalate anion acts to fix ions in solution through chelation, limiting their participation in surface adsorption.     

利用地球化学标志识别沉积环境：以中扬子台地北缘上震旦统为例

晚震旦世 ,中扬子台地北缘碳酸盐岩沉积发育 ,可分为浅水台地和深水台盆 2个相区和 7种不同相带。地球化学分析表明 ,该区地球化学特征与沉积环境有密切的关系 :常量元素Mn在局限海湾相中明显偏高 ,而在其它相带中均较低 ;微量元素B在台缘滩相中含量最低 ,仅 0 .82× 1 0 -6 ,而在其它相带中均大于1× 1 0 -6 ,最高可达 6.56× 1 0 -6 ;微量元素Sr和Sr/Ca× 1 0 3 比值与沉积环境密切相关 ,以浅滩相为中心 ,向局限海湾和深水盆地方向明显增加 ,呈双峰分布。因此 ,利用地球化学标志可以判别沉积相。图 4表 1参 7(邹冬平摘 )     

A comparative DFT+U study of CO oxidation on Pd- and Zr-doped ceria

Metal-doped ceria catalysts have been applied in many important catalytic processes.In this work,we performed density functional theory calculations corrected by on-site Coulomb interactions to study the Pd-and Zr-doped CeO₂(111) surfaces with the dopant at different locations.The formation of oxygen vacancies and CO oxidation were systematically calculated on the various doped surfaces.We find that both Pd and Zr doping can activate the surface lattice O and reduce the energy barrier...