Synthesis and Properties of Gemini-type Cationic Surfactants Containing Carbonate Linkages in the Linker Moiety Directed Toward Green and Sustainable Chemistry

Gemini-type cationic surfactants containing carbonate linkages as biodegradable and chemically recyclable segments, consisting of two long-chain alkyl groups, two quaternary ammonium groups and a linker moiety, were designed and synthesized as novel green and sustainable cationics with improved physicochemical and biological activities. The gemini-type cationics containing a carbonate linkage showed lower critical micelle concentration values compared to the corresponding single-type cationics. Also, the gemini-type cationics containing a carbonate linkage in the linker moiety showed strong antimicrobial activities. The biodegradability of the gemini-type cationics was significantly improved when a carbonate linkage was introduced into the linker moiety. The maximum biochemical oxygen demand-biodegradability of the gemini-type cationics containing a carbonate linkage in the linker moiety exceeded 70% after a 28-day incubation. Furthermore, the gemini-type cationics containing both a carbonate linkage and an n-dodecyl group showed a chemical recyclability using a lipase (E.C. 3.1.1.3).

湖北宜昌九龙湾剖面震旦系陡山沱组盖帽碳酸盐岩微相研究

盖帽碳酸盐岩是沉积于新元古代冰碛岩之上的微晶碳酸盐岩沉积。在华南地区,以陡山沱组底部碳酸盐岩为代表。笔者通过对湖北宜昌九龙湾剖面震旦系陡山沱组盖帽碳酸盐岩微相研究,认为陡山沱组盖帽碳酸盐岩是稳定的灰泥球粒微晶灰岩经过后期不同程度的重结晶作用形成。原岩缺乏可靠的冷隶碳酸盐岩的微相特征,从碳酸盐岩微相角度上并不支持其甲烷渗漏成因,同时微相类型表明九龙湾剖面陡山沱组沉积是一种台地前斜坡沉积。     

碳酸盐岩气藏长井段酸压投产射孔参数设计

碳酸盐岩气藏在酸压施工过程中发现,预测的施工压力低于实际的施工压力,说明模型中裂缝与井筒的连通情况与实际情况有较大差异。通过对射孔密度、相位、孔径、方位进行分析,射孔参数和孔眼的清洁程度对酸压施工压力的影响分析、沿射孔孔眼茵寺裂缝起裂问题以及降低破裂压力等方面分析,提出适用的射孔参数设计原则,在满足酸压施工的前提下对射孔参数进行优化。     

浅谈硫酸盐热化学还原作用与碳酸盐岩储层发育

在碳酸盐岩层系热化学硫酸盐还原反应（Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction,TSR）是普遍发生的地质现象,通过对现有资料的研究（主要以川东北地区飞仙关组为例）,发现TSR反应是形成高含H2S气藏的重要原因。本文总结了现有研究水平下TSR的反应原理以及参与反应的各个组分,以及TSR对储层,尤其是深部储层的作用（主要以川东北地区飞仙关组为例）。同时,本文提出关于TSR作用仍旧有很多没有解决的问题。如TSR反应体系中固体的硬石膏能否参与反应、TSR反应的阶段性、TSR作用与白云化作用之间是否存在关系,以及TSR反应产物与储层溶蚀机制等。     

Effects of magnetic field on calcium carbonate precipitation: Ionic and particle mechanisms

There are two most widely reported mechanisms to study the effect of magnetic fields on calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) precipitate, namely ionic and particle mechanisms. The effects are most debatable because they are contrary to each other. This study explored the effects of both mechanisms in CaCO₃ deposit and total CaCO₃ precipitation using ionic and particle methods. The ionic method showed reductions in CaCO₃ deposit and total precipitation rate of CaCO₃, whereas the particle method showed the opposite results. The particle number decreased and the average particle diameter of CaCO₃ deposit increased in the ionic method. Meanwhile in the particle method, the particle number increased, average particle diameter decreased and particle aggregation of CaCO₃ was observed. XRD measurement on all deposits showed that the crystal deposit was mostly of calcite and the traces of vaterite. However, the amount of the crystal in the particle method was observed to be less than that in the ionic method, indicating that CaCO₃ deposit was more amorphous. Particle mechanism decreased the Ca²⁺ ion concentration in solution during magnetization, and ionic mechanism reduced scale (CaCO₃) formation after magnetization and separation processes. This method could be applied for decreasing water hardness and prevent the formation of scaling.     

合成氨常解气在碳酸钡生产中的应用

阐述了碳酸钡的生产过程和控制及彩和合成氨常解气对生产过程的影响,并对解决这些问题提出相应的对策。     

Effect of CO2, HCO3 and CO3 on oxygen reduction in anion exchange membrane fuel cells

The effect of carbonate and bicarbonate anions on the oxygen reduction reaction was investigated in four alkaline solutions (pH ∼ 14) on a Pt disk type electrode with varying concentrations of carbonate and bicarbonate. The addition of carbonate and bicarbonate had two primary effects on the observed voltammetric behavior: i) The Tafel slope shifts positive with increasing carbonate/bicarbonate concentration, indicating that the carbonate anions may compete for surface adsorption sites; and ii) The dissolved oxygen concentration and diffusion coefficient are depressed with increasing anion concentration. Finally, adding CO₂ to the cathode stream of an anion exchange membrane fuel cell caused an improvement in the device performance under fully hydrated conditions, suggesting that the fuel cell was operating at least partially under the carbonate cycle.     

印尼油气资源及中国石油合同区块现状

印度尼西亚地处欧亚、印度洋—澳大利亚、太平洋三大板块交汇处,构造十分复杂。印尼约有60个沉积盆地,具有油气远景的陆上盆地面积80多万平方千米,目前已有11个盆地产油气。油气盆地分别位于苏门答腊油气区(印尼最主要的产油区)、爪哇油气区、东加里曼丹油气区、东部油气区和南海海域油气区。印尼的石油勘探起步很早,20世纪70年代原油产量达高峰,超过8000×104t,2002年石油产量为5600×104t,天然气产量590×108m3。印尼从60年代开始就引进外资进行油气勘探,曾有30多家西方石油公司在印尼投资。中国公司自90年代开始介入印尼的油气生产领域,目前中国海洋石油有限公司在印尼9个区块拥有权益;中国石油在印尼7个合同区块拥有权益;中国石化股份有限公司在印尼也拥有一个勘探区块。2003—2004年,中国石油印尼项目勘探上取得可喜的成果,共发现了11个含油气构造。     

法国拉克、麦隆气田对安岳气田龙王庙组气藏开发的启示

四川盆地安岳气田磨溪区块下寒武统龙王庙组气藏是我国近年发现的一个特大型整装复杂碳酸盐岩气藏,该气藏具有储层孔隙度低、裂缝孔洞发育、气水关系复杂、中含硫化氢、气井单井产量高和储量规模大等特点,国内尚无类似气藏开发先例可资借鉴。为此,基于CC和IHS数据库,通过多指标的对比分析,筛选出法国的拉克和麦隆两个相似气田并进行了开发规律剖析,同时结合大量相关数据统计分析,形成了该类气藏在战略定位、前期评价、开发技术政策制定、动态分析和风险管理策略方面的6点经验启示:①大型主力气藏保护性开发,适当降低采气速度可以确保长期安全稳定生产;②试采周期越长,对气藏特征的认识越清楚,可为高效开发打下坚实的基础;③多种方法量化描述裂缝,综合评价裂缝对气田开发的影响;④依据气藏特点,确定合理的单井配产;⑤生产井集中部署在构造高部位,射孔层位尽量远离气水界面,部署观察井监测水体动态;⑥高度重视储量风险评估,采取滚动勘探开发和弹性指标策略降低开发风险。上述经验启示对于龙王庙组及类似气藏的高效开发具有指导作用。     

碳酸盐岩凝析气藏动态综合描述新方法

碳酸盐岩凝析气藏具有极强的非均质性,单纯采用一种方法认识油气藏非常困难。提出了结合静态地质资料认识,充分利用大量的生产动态数据和短时高精度的压力不稳定试井数据,以产量不稳定分析、试井分析以及物质平衡分析方法为手段,对油气藏储层进行动态综合描述。3种方法有机结合、互相约束,使解释结果更加可靠。通过塔里木盆地某碳酸盐岩凝析气藏的动态描述研究,建立了3类井的动态描述识别典型图版,认为该碳酸盐岩凝析气藏储层渗透率、单井控制储量差异较大。 