N-(2-甲基苯基)羟胺的合成工艺研究

以Zn-NH4Cl还原体系为基础进行苯基羟胺合成工艺系统研究,发现少量胺的添加物可以有效抑制羟胺产物继续还原为胺的进程。研究了不同溶剂、酸度对于反应的影响,优选出的工艺体系收率达到72%,较先前报道大幅度提升。     

Solar Light Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction: General Considerations and Selected Bench-Mark Photocatalysts

The reduction of carbon dioxide to useful chemicals has received a great deal of attention as an alternative to the depletion of fossil resources without altering the atmospheric CO₂ balance. As the chemical reduction of CO₂ is energetically uphill due to its remarkable thermodynamic stability, this process requires a significant transfer of energy. Achievements in the fields of photocatalysis during the last decade sparked increased interest in the possibility of using sunlight to reduce CO₂. In this review we discuss some general features associated with the photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ for the production of solar fuels, with considerations to be taken into account of the photocatalyst design, of the limitations arising from the lack of visible light response of titania, of the use of co-catalysts to overcome this shortcoming, together with several strategies that have been applied to enhance the photocatalytic efficiency of CO₂ reduction. The aim is not to provide an exhaustive review of the area, but to present general aspects to be considered, and then to outline which are currently the most efficient photocatalytic systems.     

Continuous electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide into formate using a tin cathode: Comparison with lead cathode

Electrochemical reduction has been pointed out as a promising method for CO₂ valorisation into useful chemicals. This paper studies the influence of key variables on the performance of an experimental system for continuous electro-reduction of CO₂ to formate, when a tin plate is used as working electrode. Particular emphasis is placed on comparing the performance of Sn and Pb as cathodes. As was previously found with Pb, the influence of current density (“j”) using Sn was particularly noteworthy, and when j was raised up to a limit value of 8.5 mA cm⁻², important increases of the rate of formate production were observed at the expense of lowering the Faradaic efficiency. However, unlike what was found with Pb, the performance using Sn improved when the electrolyte flow rate/electrode area ratio was increased within the range studied (0.57–2.3 mL min⁻¹ cm⁻²). In this way, the use of Sn as cathode allowed achieving rates of formate production that were 25% higher than the maximum rates obtained with Pb, together with Faradaic efficiencies close to 70%, which were 15 points higher than those with Pb. These results reinforce the interest in Sn as electrode material in the electro-reduction of CO₂ to formate.     

Cold Thermal Storage and Peak Load Reduction for Office Buildings in Saudi Arabia

This paper involves the investigations of the chilled water and ice cold thermal storage technologies along with the associated operating strategies for the air conditioning(AC) systems of the typical office buildings in Saudi Arabia, so as to reduce the electricity energy consumption during the peak load periods. In Saudi Arabia, the extensive use of AC for indoor cooling in offices composes a large proportion of the annual peak electricity demand. The very high temperatures over long summer periods, extending from May to October, and the low cost of energy are the key factors in the wide and extensive use of air conditioners in the kingdom. This intense cooling load adds up to the requirement increase in the capacity of power plants, which makes them under utilized during the off-peak periods. Thermal energy storage techniques are one of the effective demand-side energy management methods. Systems with cold storage shifts all or part of the electricity requirement from peak hours to off-peak hours to reduce demand charges and/or take advantage of off-peak rates. The investigations reveal that the cold thermal energy storage techniques are effective from both technical and economic perspectives in the reduction of energy consumption in the buildings during peak periods.     

我国中小钢铁企业的发展方向探讨

对我国中小钢铁企业的发展方向进行了探讨,提出了一条转变增长方式、实现专业化生产、技术装备大型化、节能减排的发展道路。     

阻尼减振结构参数特性分析及动态优化

对阻尼减振结构参数的关取特性、阻尼材料的温度－振频效应及结构的断面形式对结构损耗因子的影响进行了分析。提出在变温度、振频状态下，实行参数解耦，把阻尼材料参数拟合成多项式方程，进行参数动态优化的方法。最后对推土机行走系的轮式阻尼减振结构进行了实际应用，进行了结构参数优化和试验，结果表明试验数据与理论分析相吻合。     

基于确定性因子的启发式属性值约简模型

现有属性值约简模型程序复杂,难以实现,而且模型所提取的关键信息往往过于追求简明,会削弱决策系统的表达能力。为解决以上问题,提出一种基于确定性因子的启发式属性值约简模型。首先,构造几种不同性质的属性集工具,并给出其相关定理及证明;同时开发一种约简信息函数,从而为约简属性赋值;然后,将确定性因子作为启发信息,并采用自底向上式分层搜索策略来构建启发式属性值约简模型,并以程序伪代码的形式直观展示模型的布置路径与运行流程;最后,采用已有研究中的模拟数据开展模型的应用与验证,并对模型的优势、适用性与延展性展开总结与讨论。结果表明,新模型可行有效,易于编程实现;对数据特征要求低,适合一般性专家系统;所提取的价值信息多元简约,泛化性强,不丢失决策系统的关键信息。     

Effect of sulfite on reduction kinetics of Fe(III)NTA chelate

The reduction of Fe(III)NTA (ferric ion coordinated to nitrilotriacetic acid) by sulfite has been found to be first-order with respect to Fe(III)NTA and of order minus one with respect to Fe(II)NTA (one of the reaction products). The order of reaction with respect to HSO^?₃ has been determined to be unity when the molar ratio of Na₂SO₃ to total Fe(III) is less than five. In this paper, the role of sulfite in the reduction scheme is reconsidered, and the reduction rate expression in which the coordination of Fe³⁺ to HSO^?₃ is incorporated, is newly presented. The proposed rate equation covers all reaction data for molar ratios of Na₂SO₃ to total Fe(III) in the range of 1 to 25.     

Ammonium bisulfate formation temperature in a bench-scale single-channel air preheater

Ammonium bisulfate (ABS) forms in coal-fired power plant exhaust systems when ammonia slip from the NO_x control system reacts with the sulfur oxides and water in the flue gas. The critical temperature range for ABS formation occurs in the air preheater, where ABS is known to cause corrosion and pluggage that can require unplanned outages and expensive cleaning. To develop mitigation strategies for the deleterious effects of ABS in air preheaters, it is important to know its formation temperature and deposition process. This paper describes a bench-scale experimental simulation of a single-channel air preheater, with the appropriate temperature gradient, used in conjunction with simulated coal combustion flue gas, including sulfur oxides, ammonia, and water vapor, to investigate the formation of ABS. Formation was observed optically, and the formation temperature, as well as deposition characteristics for a realistic range of reactant concentrations are presented and compared with previous studies on ABS formation. This study presents data at realistic concentrations not earlier tested, and the reported data has smaller experimental uncertainty than previously obtained. We found that the measured ABS formation temperatures under air preheater channel conditions lies between the temperatures reported by others, and is in the range of 500-520 K for typical flue gas concentrations of ammonia and sulfur oxide species. The results also show that, at least for this experimental configuration, ABS forms predominantly as an aerosol in the gas phase rather than as a condensate on the channel walls.     

Electroreductive intramolecular cyclisation of bromoalkoxylated derivatives catalysed by nickel(I) tetramethylcyclam in “green” media

The (1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetra-decane)nickel(I), [Ni(tmc)]⁺, electrogenerated at glassy carbon cathodes is shown to be an effective catalyst for the intramolecular radical-type cyclisation of bromoalkoxylated derivatives 1 in alcohol and/or alcohol/water mixtures as well as in microemulsions made with cationic and anionic surfactants. The results obtained indicate that the reaction proceeds via cleavage of the carbon–bromine bond to form a radical-type intermediate that undergoes cyclisation on the unsaturated C–C bond to afford substituted tetrahydrofurans. The reactions are more selective and take place at higher current density than when carried out in conventional aprotic solvents.