Hydrodesulfurization of model diesel using Pt/Al2O3 catalysts prepared by supercritical deposition

Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts with Pt loadings ranging from 0.5 to 11 wt.% were synthesized by supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) deposition method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that the synthesized catalysts contained small Pt nanoparticles (1–4 nm in diameter) with a narrow size distribution, no observable agglomeration, and uniformly dispersed on the alumina support. The catalysts were found to be active for hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT) dissolved in n-hexadecane (n-HD) without sulfiding the metal phase. The reaction proceeded only via the direct hydrogenolysis route in the temperature range 310–400 °C and at atmospheric pressure. The activity increased with increasing the metal loading. Increasing [H₂]₀/[DBT]₀ by either increasing [H₂]₀ or decreasing [DBT]₀, increased the DBT conversion. At a fixed weight hourly space velocity and feed concentration, conversion did not increase with increasing temperature beyond 330 °C. The presence of toluene inhibited the catalyst activity presumably due to competitive adsorption between DBT and toluene. Under the operating conditions, the reaction was far from equilibrium.     

Fuel properties and emissions of soybean oil esters as diesel fuel

The effects of using blends of methyl and isopropyl esters of soybean oil with No. 2 diesel fuel were studied at several steady-state operating conditions in a four-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine. Fuel blends that contained 20, 50, and 70% methyl soyate and 20 and 50% isopropyl soyate were tested. Fuel properties, such as cetane number, also were investigated. Both methyl and isopropyl esters provided significant reductions in particulate emissions compared with No. 2 diesel fuel. A blend of 50% methyl ester and 50% No. 2 diesel fuel provided a reduction of 37% in the carbon portion of the particulates and 25% in the total particulates. The 50% blend of isopropyl ester and 50% No. 2 diesel fuel gave a 55% reduction in carbon and a 28% reduction in total particulate emissions. Emissions of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons also were reduced significantly. Oxides of nitrogen increased by 12%.     

内网搜索引擎算法的分析与研究

近年来,Intranet不断飞速发展,导致信息量趋于庞大。于是如何让用户查找到自己想要的信息成为Intranet搜索引擎的一个难题。关于这个问题,它将对几种经典的Intranet搜索排序算法进行分析、比较。希望在以后的开发中可以以它为参照,进行相关算法的改进,尽可能的让算法更接近完美,使搜索结果更能符合用户的需求。     

基于OpenGL的图形引擎的设计与实现

近年过,随着图形硬件及图形接口的更新换代,用于游戏的实时图形引擎得到了突飞猛进的发展,各种开源引擎与商业引擎层出不穷。该文旨在运用计算机图形学理论知识,基于OpenGL 3.3的标准以及GLSL着色语言,使用C＋＋语言编写和Visual Studio 2010平台,完成一个拥有模型载入、贴图载入、UI界面、地形系统以及人机交互系统的图形引擎,能够用于游戏场景与漫游类的应用。     

如何提升企业网站在搜索引擎上的排名

企业网站若想取得好的营销效果,就要提高自己在搜索引擎上的排名.而排名的好坏需要站长的主动出击,以及营销团队与网站策划开发与维护团队的紧密配合.方法主要有主动登陆搜索引擎、被动等待搜索引擎的收集以及积极的利用搜索引擎的推广功能.多管齐下才能取得更好的效果.     

民用飞机发动机用耐高温防腐涂料

以环氧改性有机硅树脂为基料，加入耐高温、耐油、防火、隔热的颜填料和N-11固化剂，配成GT系列防腐涂料。该涂料具有常温固化、长期耐高温、耐油、隔热防火等性能，可用作民用飞机发动机的耐高温防腐涂料。     

MCM-41-supported Co-Mo catalysts for deep hydrodesulfurization of light cycle oil

Light cycle oil (LCO), a by-product of the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process in a petroleum refinery, can be used as a blendstock for the production of diesel and jet fuels. Regulatory and operational issues result in need for new and more active catalysts for the deep hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of diesel feedstocks, such as LCO. This paper reports the activity of a mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41-supported Co-Mo catalyst in comparison to a commercial γ-alumina (Al₂O₃)-supported Co-Mo catalyst for the desulfurization of a LCO with a sulfur content of 2.19 wt.%. The HDS of dibenzothiophene, 4-methyldibenzothiophene, and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene—polyaromatic sulfur compounds present in LCO—and their relative reactivities in terms of conversion were examined as a function of time on stream in a fixed-bed flow reactor. The MCM-41-supported catalyst demonstrates consistently higher activity for the HDS of the refractory dibenzothiophenic sulfur compounds, particularly 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene. The presence of a large concentration of aromatics in LCO appears to inhibit the HDS of the substituted dibenzothiophenes.     

C/C复合材料在火箭发动机和飞机上的应用

C／C复合材料具有高强度、高刚度、低密度、耐高温的性能，现代高性能运输机、战斗机和火箭发动机等飞行器都把采用C／C复合材料代替某些常规金属结构作为提升其飞行性能的重要途径。     

Kinematic viscosity of biodiesel components (fatty acid alkyl esters) and related compounds at low temperatures

Biodiesel, defined as the mono-alkyl esters of vegetable oils and animal fats is, has undergone rapid development and acceptance as an alternative diesel fuel. Kinematic viscosity is one of the fuel properties specified in biodiesel standards, with 40 °C being the temperature at which this property is to be determined and ranges of acceptable kinematic viscosity given. While data on kinematic viscosity of biodiesel and related materials at higher temperatures are available in the literature, this work reports on the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel and a variety of fatty acid alkyl esters at temperatures from 40 °C down to −10 °C in increments of 5 °C using the appropriately modified standard reference method ASTM D445. Investigating the low-temperature properties of biodiesel, including viscosity, of biodiesel and its components is important because of the problems associated with the use of biodiesel under these conditions. Such data may aid in developing biodiesel fuels optimized for fatty ester composition. An index termed here the low-temperature viscosity ratio (LTVR) using data at 0 °C and 40 °C (divide viscosity value at 0 °C by viscosity value at 40 °C) was used to evaluate individual compounds but also mixtures by their low-temperature viscosity behavior. Compounds tested included a variety of saturated, monounsaturated, diunsaturated and triunsaturated fatty esters, methyl ricinoleate, in which the OH group leads to a significant increase in viscosity as well as triolein, as well as some fatty alcohols and alkanes. Esters of oleic acid have the highest viscosity of all biodiesel components that are liquids at low temperatures. The behavior of blends of biodiesel and some fatty esters with a low-sulfur diesel fuel was also investigated.     

Surface chemistry and kinetics of the hydrolysis of isocyanic acid on anatase

In order to meet the stricter NO_x and particulate emission limits for commercial vehicles, the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with urea is currently seen having the highest potential. The conversion of urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide consists of two consecutive reactions, in which isocyanic acid is an intermediate that is hydrolyzed over TiO₂. The intrinsic kinetics and the surface chemistry for this reaction are explored. Up to a temperature of 132 °C the reaction was in the intrinsic kinetic regime (E_A = 73 kJ/mol), while at higher temperatures the reaction was limited by pore and external diffusion constraints, respectively. In the presence of NO, NH₃ and NO₂, the catalytic activity was negatively influenced, increasing in severity in the sequence mentioned indicating that nitrates formed from NO₂ were most effective in blocking cations and anions of TiO₂. IR spectroscopy indicates that dissociative adsorption of HNCO on TiO₂ forms Ti–NCO and hydrogen bonded OH species. In the presence of water, isocyanic acid was so rapidly hydrolyzed that only adsorbed ammonia was observed on the catalyst surface. The presence of NO, NH₃ and NO₂ retards hydrolysis leading to the appearance of isocyanate species on the surface.