Electrical properties of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 ceramics modified with WO3

Ferroelectrics 0.67Pb (Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-0.33PbTiO₃ (PMN-PT) + x mol% WO₃ (x=0.1, 0.5, 1, 2) were prepared by columbite precursor method. Electrical properties of WO₃-modified ferroelectrics were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to identify crystal structure, and pyrochlore phase were observed in 0.67Pb (Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-0.33PbTiO₃+2 mol% WO₃. Dielectric peak temperature decreased with WO₃ doping, indicating that W⁶⁺ incorporated into PMN-PT lattice. Lattice constant, pyrochlore phase and grain size contribute to the variation of K_max. Both piezoelectric constant (d₃₃) and electromechanical coupling factors (k_p) were enhanced by doping 0.1 mol% WO₃, which results from the introduction of “soft” characteristics into PMN-PT, while further WO₃ addition was detrimental. We consider that the two factors, introduction of “soft” characteristics and the formation of pyrochlore phase, appear to act together to cause the variation of piezoelectric properties of 0.67PMN-0.33PT ceramics doping with WO₃.     

Microstructure and electrical conductivity of LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3 prepared by combustion synthesis routes

The continuing development of new materials suitable for solid oxide fuel cells operating at about 650-800 °C is of great interest in recent days. The present investigation deals with the development of a perovskite composition-LaNi_0.6Fe_0.4O₃ (LNF)-prepared following two combustion synthesis routes: citrate-gel (LNC) and urea (LNU). The powders were sintered over a wide temperature range (900-1400 °C) and sintering behavior for LNC and LNU was compared. The thermal expansion coefficient (TEC), electrical and microstructural characteristics of LNF was thoroughly investigated. Electrical conductivities were found to be one and a half times higher than that of most commonly used cathode material, La(Sr)MnO₃. Moreover, the TEC value of LNF was found to be ≈11.4×10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ at 800 °C. The study opens up a possibility of using LNF as a promising cell component for SOFC.     

Formation and properties of AgInSe2 thin films by co-evaporation

The electrical and optical properties of silver indium selenide thin films prepared by co-evaporation have been studied. X-ray diffraction indicates that the as prepared films were polycrystalline in nature. The lattice parameters were calculated to be a=0.6137 and b=1.1816 nm. Composition was determined from energy dispersive analysis of X-ray. Silver indium selenide thin films were also prepared by bulk evaporation of powdered sample for comparative study. They have an optical band gap (E_g) of 1.25 eV and it is a direct allowed transition. Refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k) were calculated from absorption and reflection spectra. Steady-state photoconductivity was measured from 300 to 400 K. Carrier lifetime was calculated from transient photoconductivity measurements at room temperature at different intensities of illumination.     

一种基于小波变换的数字图像自动聚焦算法

由傅立叶光学理论可知 ,图像高频能量值可以反映聚焦程度 .在传统图像灰度方差评价函数的基础上 ,利用小波多分辨率分析 ,提出了一种新的自动聚焦算法 .清晰度评价函数通过舍去图像低频概貌信号 ,突出了高频能量 ,具有更好的尖锐性 .并分析了分解层数对评价函数性能的影响 .通过改进的变步长爬山算法实验表明 ,该算法与传统灰度方差算法相比具有更好的聚焦精确度 .     

Low temperature UV/ozone oxidation formation of HfSiON gate dielectric

Physical and electrical properties of hafnium silicon oxynitride (HfSi_xO_yN_z) dielectric films prepared by UV ozone oxidation of hafnium silicon nitride (HfSiN) followed by annealing to 450 °C are reported. Interfacial layer growth was minimized through room temperature deposition and subsequent ultraviolet/ozone oxidation. The capacitance–voltage (C–V) and current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of the as-deposited and annealed HfSi_xO_yN_z are presented. These 4 nm thick films have a dielectric constant of 8–9 with 12 at.% Hf composition, with a leakage current density of 3×10⁻⁵ A/cm² at V_fb+1 V. The films have a breakdown field strength >10 MV/cm.     

Experimental Study on the Aging of Sands

Aging effects in sand, such as increases in cone penetration resistance with time after deposition and/or densification, are known to occur in the field, but the causes of these effects are not fully understood. A laboratory testing program was designed to study mechanisms responsible for aging effects under controlled conditions. The testing program included measurements of the small strain shear modulus, electrical conductivity, pore fluid chemistry, and minicone penetration resistance after different periods of aging. Two different sands were tested, and aging effects were evaluated for different combinations of relative density, temperature, and pore fluid composition. Increases in the small strain shear modulus were observed throughout most of the tests, and chemical analyses suggest that precipitation of carbonate and silica occurred in two tests. Despite these changes, there was no corresponding increase in the minicone penetration resistance with time in any of the tests. It is unlikely that precipitation of carbonate or silica is responsible for aging effects in sands; other possible mechanisms include arching due to dissipation of blast gases and redistribution of stresses through the soil skeleton. An additional possibility is that the boundary conditions imposed by the laboratory tests obscure changes in penetration resistance that would be measured had the volume of sand tested been much larger. The implications of these findings in terms of other published field and laboratory studies are discussed.     

Spatial Variability in Soils: High Resolution Assessment with Electrical Needle Probe

The global response of a soil is affected by spatial as well as temporal scales. An electrical needle-size probe is developed to effectively assess one-dimensional spatial variability. The probe is designed for laboratory specimens (needle diameter 1.2–2.2 mm), and it can be scaled for field applications. Design considerations include the tip shape, insertion disturbance, electrochemical effects, corrosion, operating frequency, and electrical resonance. Two calibration methods are presented to determine local soil permittivity and resistivity from the measured complex impedance; the simplified calibration procedure is based on resistance measurements only. The local electrical parameters permit one to infer the soil porosity and the electrolyte conductivity. The attainable spatial resolution depends on the needle diameter; submillimetric resolution is typically achieved in laboratory applications. Reconstituted sand specimens and undisturbed clayey specimens are tested to explore the resolution potential of this probe. The electrical needle probe clearly detects the spatial variability that results from different specimen preparation methods in sands and soil layering from natural formation histories such as those in varved clays.     

Soil Water Content and Dry Density by Time Domain Reflectometry

Soil water content and dry density are two important properties for compaction quality control. This paper presents a new method for determining soil water content and dry density using a single time domain reflectometry test, which is an improvement over that designated by ASTM D6780. This new method is based on simultaneous measurement of apparent dielectric constant and bulk electrical conductivity on the same soil sample. Calibration equations correlate these two parameters with soil gravimetric water content and dry density, which are simultaneously solved after adjusting field-measured conductivity to a standard conductivity. The method compensates for temperature effects. The test process takes about 3 min and all calculations are automated. Testing may be done in situ using a special probe that provides sufficient sampling volume or in a compaction mold adapted to form a probe. Laboratory and field tests results show this one-step method is a fast, accurate, and safe method for construction quality control.     

高密度光盘径向动态特性测量方法研究

分析了现有光盘径向动态特性测量方法的特点，深入研究了一种适用于高密度光盘径向动态特性的基于过道波形信号连续测量方法及其具体实现。比较了该方法与国际标准推荐的测量方法的测量精度，结果表明该方法精度更高，更能适应未来高密度光盘的测试要求。     

56m~2电除尘器气流分布及气密性测定分析

本文介绍了贵溪冶炼厂新增备料 ５６ｍ~２电除尘器气流分布及气密性测定分析的方法及过程,指出对新建或大修改造后的电除尘器,在投产前进行气流分布及气密性现场测试调整的必要性。