PCB企业内部环境审核管理信息系统的研究

简单介绍了内部环境审核的流程，由此引出对管理信息系统的要求，然后给出了系统的实施方案，介绍了系统的体系架构和功能结构，并对主要功能作了详细介绍。最后通过一个案例证明该系统在企业实施后的有效性。     

固相萃取技术及其在环境分析中的应用

固相萃取技术作为一种高效的样品制备技术 ,近年来得到越来越广泛的重视和应用。本文将对这一技术的原理、特点及其在环境样品处理方面的应用进行介绍     

Global water footprint assessment of hydropower

Hydropower is an important renewable energy source, but it can consume a lot of water due to evaporation from the reservoir surface, which may contribute to water scarcity. Previous studies mostly used a gross evaporation approach for water footprint assessment where all the evaporation is attributed to hydropower. They fail to consider both evapotranspiration before the dam construction, which should be deducted from the footprint, and the seasonal storage dynamics of water. These considerations are critical for assessing reservoir impacts on water scarcity using temporally explicit water stress indices. This study seeks to fill this gap: we calculate the water footprints of ∼1500 hydropower plants which cover 43% of the global annual hydroelectricity generation. Apart from reduced water availability, alterations of the flow regime can also adversely affect ecosystems. Therefore, environmental flow requirements are also analysed.This novel approach for the water footprint assessment of hydropower indicates that previous studies mostly overrated the impacts of hydropower on water scarcity, often because reservoirs store water in periods of low scarcity and release water during months of high water scarcity. By contrast, flow alterations generally affect the environment more than water consumption. Since impacts vary broadly among plants, plant-specific evaluations are necessary.     

Modelling population responses to flow: The development of a generic fish population model

Many fish species are dependent upon flows to trigger breeding, facilitate high recruitment of offspring, and to maintain adult survival rates. Understanding how fish populations respond to different flow regimes is important in regulated waterways as subtle changes in regimes have the potential to influence both fish breeding and survival. In this paper, we describe an age-structured population response model that explores how quantitative changes in the flow regime can lead to changes in fish population size and structure through time. We use three large bodied fish species (golden perch, Murray cod and the invasive common carp) from the mid Murray River near Barmah-Millewa Forest to explore the possible responses to the observed flow regime over a 30-year period. The model links flow volumes, seasonality, temperature and rates of fall to the fecundity and survival rates for the different fish species to project population change through time.     

Economic and environmental assessment of irrigation water policies: A bioeconomic simulation study

We present a bioeconomic modeling approach that links the biophysical crop growth model CropSyst to an economic decision model at field scale. The developed model is used in conjunction with a genetic algorithm to optimize management decisions in potato production in the Broye catchment (Switzerland) in the context of different irrigation policy scenarios. More specifically, we consider the effects of water bans, water quotas, and water prices on water consumption, profitability, and the financial risks of potato production. The use of a genetic algorithm enables the direct integration of the considered decision variables as management input factors in CropSyst. We employ the farmer's certainty equivalent, measured as the expected profit margin minus a risk premium, as the objective function. Using this methodological framework allows us to consider the potential impacts of policy measures on farmers' crop management decisions due to their effects on both expected income levels and income variability.Our results show that the region's current water policy, which frequently prevents irrigation during hot and dry periods by banning water withdrawal, causes high levels of income risk for the farmer and increases the average water demand in potato production. In contrast, the implementation of an appropriate water quota could significantly decrease water consumption in potato production while allowing the farmer's certainty equivalent to remain at the same level as it is under the current irrigation water policy.     

Glowworm swarm optimization algorithm with topsis for solving multiple objective environmental economic dispatch problem

A new glowworm swarm optimization (GSO) algorithm is proposed to find the optimal solution for multiple objective environmental economic dispatch (MOEED) problem. In this proposed approach, technique for order preference similar to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) is employed as an overall fitness ranking tool to evaluate the multiple objectives simultaneously. In addition, a time varying step size is incorporated in the GSO algorithm to get better performance. Finally, to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed combination of GSO algorithm with TOPSIS (GSO–T) approach is examined in four different test cases. Simulation results have revealed the capabilities of the proposed GSO–T approach to find the optimal solution for MOEED problem. The comparison with own coded weighted sum method incorporated GSO (WGSO) and other methods reported in literatures exhibit the superiority of the proposed GSO–T approach and also the results confirm the potential of the proposed GSO–T approach to solve the MOEED problem.     

Multiple indices of body condition reveal no negative effect of urbanization in adult house sparrows

As urbanized areas expand and develop throughout the world, the importance of understanding their effects on wildlife increases. Living in cities may be stressful for animals but may also provide benefits at the same time, and the sum of these effects should manifest in the body condition of individuals. Studies addressing this phenomenon tend to evaluate one or few indices of body condition, each of which may be subject to various confounding effects and seasonal changes. In this study we used multiple approaches to assess the effects of urbanization on adult body condition in house sparrows (Passer domesticus), a passerine undergoing population declines in urban habitats. In line with earlier studies, we found that sparrows in more urbanized habitats have reduced body mass. However, birds had similar scaled mass index (body mass corrected for body size) along the urbanization gradient at all times of the year, contradicting the previous result on type-1 regression residuals. In the non-breeding season, urban and rural birds had similar levels of corticosterone, hematocrit, and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio. In the molting season, hematocrit indicated better condition in rural birds whereas H:L ratio showed the opposite; however, these trends were not consistent between age groups. Two condition-dependent plumage traits, male bib size and wing bar size, showed no systematic variation along the gradient of urbanization. These results suggest that the environmental conditions experienced by adult house sparrows are not more stressful in more urbanized habitats, and they also highlight the importance of considering multiple indices of body condition.     

Contribution of green labels in electricity retail markets to fostering renewable energy

In European countries, retailers are obliged to disclose the energy source and the related environmental impacts of their portfolio over the preceding year. The electricity supplied in the Dutch retail market is presented as renewable energy for 34%, but this relatively high share is for 69% based on certificates (Guarantees of Origin) which are imported from in particular Norway. The certificates are used to sell green electricity to consumers. The premium for green electricity which is actually paid by Dutch consumers is no more than a few percentages of the retail price. The low level of this premium is related to the abundant supply of certificates at low marginal costs from Norway. This also means that the premium for green electricity is too low to give an incentive for investments in new capacity. Hence, the current labelling system for renewable electricity is mainly valuable, besides being an instrument for tracking and tracing of renewable energy, as a marketing instrument for electricity retailers. The effectiveness of Guarantees of Origin as a policy instrument to foster renewable electricity sources is weak. This effectiveness can be raised by implementing restrictions on the international trade or the issuance of new certificates.     

Strengthening the resilience of small-scale fisheries: A modeling approach to explore the use of in-shore pelagic resources in Melanesia

Small-scale fisheries play a critical role in both poverty alleviation and food security. A large proportion of the world fish stocks are, however, getting fully or over-exploited. In this article we address these issues in the context of the small-scale fisheries of the Solomon Islands. The paper explores the extent to which in-shore Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) can help increasing the resilience of the small scale fishery system and reconciling social, economic and ecological priorities. Based on the concept of ‘time of crisis’ developed recently in the viability literature, we propose to calculate a resilience index through a dynamic stochastic model calibrated by ethnological observations. The resilience index calculation reveals two major findings: (i) the resilience of the small scale fishery system is currently nonexistent and (ii) the introduction of FADs can improve it. The effects of the FADs' implementation are then discussed in the light of a socio-economic perspective. Such results bring new insights into the question of the future of the small scale fishery sector, especially in relation to the local economy evolution from a barter dominance to a cash oriented economy. At the same time, the current subsistence fisheries seems more resilient in general due to a distributive effects which ease the ‘race for fish behaviors’. Finally, our analysis reveals that while the FADs implementation stands as a short and mid-term answer, demographic drivers are important and other alternatives will need to be considered if the overall viability of the system is to be maintained in the longer-term.     

Integrating environmental considerations into economic regulation of China's electricity sector

One of the key challenges for China's transition towards sustainable development is how to supply adequate and reliable electric power by an environmentally benign electricity sector. This paper examines to what extent environmental concerns have been integrated into economic regulation and the difficulties of doing so under the current regulatory framework. It finds that there has been a failure to adequately and systematically incorporate environmental considerations into the formulation and enforcement of electricity regulation. As a result, some of the potential gains of the adopted emission-control measures have not materialised and challenges remain for future adoption of other pollution-reduction initiatives.