自旋阀中的极化输运与相关自旋新材料及结构研究

电子既是电荷的载体又是自旋的载体。电子作为电荷的载体,使二十世纪成为了微电子学的天下。而随着1988年巨磁电阻(GMR)效应发现以来,通过操纵电子的另一量子属性——自旋,使新一代的电子器件又多了一维控制手段。电子自旋的研究涵盖了金属磁性多层膜、磁性氧化物、磁性半导体等众多体系,探寻这些体系中自旋输运的基本原理是研究的重点。目前,基于传统自旋阀中极化输运及自旋电子学的发展,对新材料和新结构的研究尚不成熟,还有众多科学问题亟待解决,诸如:如何在室温下获得更大的巨磁电阻变化率、提高器件的稳定性及灵敏度、自旋阀中交换偏置场产生的物理根源、实现自旋同半导体完美结合的材料、结构及方法等。因此,基于国内外自旋电子学研究的重点,首先围绕最基本的自旋阀纳米多层膜结构,开展了自旋阀多层膜制备、设计、结构优化、自旋阀交换偏置核心结构物理机制探索等研究;其次,提出了三种异质结新结构,并以大自旋极化率Fe3O4磁性半金属为核心材料,开展了自旋阀、新异质结研究;最后,在理论与材料研究的基础上,对自旋器件进行了设计与实验研究,获得了一些有益的结果:(1)理论方面,基于自旋电子器件进一步发展对新结构、新材料发展的需求,提出了磁性半导体/半导体、磁性半导体/磁性半导体、自旋滤波材料/自旋滤波材料的新自旋异质结模型。理论分析发现,利用磁性半导体/半导体异质结,在负偏压的作用下可实现自旋电子的极化输运,而利用磁性半导体/磁性半导体、自旋滤波材料/自旋滤波材料异质结可实现趋于100%的磁电阻变化率。另外通过计算,对可实现的磁阻效应及对材料的要求进行了详细研究,为新材料的应用奠定了一定的理论基础。(2)虽然基于自旋阀核心结构的自旋电子器件研究已开展了多年,但如何进一步提高自旋电子器件的磁电阻效应、灵敏度、工作范围、工作稳定性和解决这些问题的物理机制,仍是自旋电子学中的一个热点。因而,首先基于Mott二流体模型发现自旋阀巨磁电阻受磁性材料、非磁性材料、自旋极化率、自旋扩散长度、厚度、尺寸、电阻率等影响明显,因而可通过改善制备工艺条件及各层的材料、厚度改善自旋阀的性能,探寻提高巨磁电阻变化率、灵敏度等的有效途径。其次,以理论分析为指导,实验上首先制备Ta/NiFe/Cu/NiFe/FeMn传统自旋阀多层膜,研究了自由层、隔离层、钉扎层、反铁磁层厚度对巨磁电阻效应的影响,找到了最佳的制备工艺;其次,研究了缓冲层材料对自旋阀灵敏度、巨磁电阻效应的影响。发现由于缓冲层元素表面自由能的影响导致了自旋阀灵敏度的改变,指出选择适当表面自由能的缓冲层,可有效改善自由层薄膜的性能,为提高器件的灵敏度提供了有效的途径;最后,基于室温磁场下制备自旋阀交换偏置场较小、工作范围较窄的问题,通过对传统结构的改进,提出了新型双交换偏置场自旋阀模型,为增大器件工作稳定性、人为调制器件工作范围,提供了有效手段。(3)交换偏置在自旋电子器件中具有核心地位,但到目前为止,其产生的物理根源、影响其大小的因素仍是未解决的难题。因而,基于自旋阀的核心结构——铁磁/反铁磁交换偏置效应,研究了NiFe/FeMn双层膜钉扎层、被钉扎层厚度、材料微结构、底钉扎、顶钉扎结构等对交换偏置的影响,分析了交换偏置产生的物理根源;研究了制备磁场大小对钉扎场大小的影响,发现了利用大磁场可实现提高交换偏置的新方法,并利用52kA/m(650Oe)的大磁场在1~2nm的NiFe钉扎层中实现了接近48kA/m(600Oe)的交换偏置场。(4)基于自旋阀测试,研究了初始测试磁场平行与反平行于交换偏置场方向,测试电流的大小对交换偏置场的影响。并用大脉冲电流,在初始测试磁场反平行于交换偏置场方向的样品中,首次实现电流矩在电流沿膜面流动自旋阀结构中对钉扎场的翻转,为铁磁/反铁磁双层膜体系产生交换偏置的机理提供了新的研究途径,并对自旋阀的应用提出了新的挑战。(5)为探寻高自旋极化率的新材料,开展了半金属磁性材料Fe3O4薄膜制备工艺的研究。通过改变溅射功率、退火温度、缓冲层、磁场沉积等,在200W溅射功率、300℃的退火温度、24kA/m(300Oe)沉积磁场的最佳条件下获得了高晶粒织构、成分单一的Fe3O4薄膜,并通过对氧气氛的调节,实现了无缓冲层高性能Fe3O4薄膜的制备。(6)利用所制备的Fe3O4薄膜,进行了基于Fe3O4自旋阀的制备,发现Fe3O4薄膜同其它金属材料间电阻率的失配,是造成巨磁电阻效应低的原因;另外,基于理论提出的磁性材料/半导体异质结,制备了Fe3O4/n-Si纳米结,初步实现了磁性材料到半导体的自旋注入与输运。     

铁电存储器制备中关键工艺的改进

传统铁电存储器制备工艺中,存在着Ｐｔ／Ｔｉ下电极刻蚀难、制作的铁电薄 貌不好和上电极容易起壳等问题。文章对铁电存储器制备中的一些关键工艺进行改进,降低了工艺复杂性,解决了上述问题。     

Status of the MBE technology at leti LIR for the manufacturing of HgCdTe focal plane arrays

This paper presents recent developments that have been made in Leti Infrared Laboratory in the field of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth and fabrication of medium wavelength and long wavelength infrared (MWIR and LWIR) HgCdTe devices. The techniques that lead to growth temperature and flux control are presented. Run to run composition reproducibility is investigated on runs of more than 15 consecutively grown layers. Etch pit density in the low 10⁵ cm⁻² and void density lower than 10³ cm⁻² are obtained routinely on CdZnTe substrates. The samples exhibit low n-type carrier concentration in the 10¹⁴ to 10¹⁵ cm⁻³ range and mobility in excess of 10⁵ cm²/Vs at 77 K for epilayers with 9.5 μm cut-off wavelength. LWIR diodes, fabricated with an-on-p homojunction process present dynamic resistance area products which reach values of 8 10³ Ωcm² for a biased voltage of −50 mV and a cutoff wavelength of 9.5 μm at 77 K. A 320 × 240 plane array with a 30 μm pitch operating at 77 K in the MWIR range has been developed using HgCdTe and CdTe layers MBE grown on a Germanium substrate. Mean NEDT value of 8.8 mK together with an operability of 99.94% is obtained. We fabricated MWIR two-color detectors by the superposition of layers of HgCdTe with different compositions and a mixed MESA and planar technology. These detectors are spatially coherent and can be independently addressed. Current voltage curves of 60 × 60 μm² photodiodes have breakdown voltage exceeding 800 mV for each diode. The cutoff wavelength at 77 K is 3.1 μm for the MWIR-1 and 5 μm for the MWIR-2.     

Zero Thermal Expansion Achieved by an Electrolytic Hydriding Method in La(Fe,Si)13 Compounds

The La(Fe,Si)₁₃‐based compounds have been recently developed as promising negative thermal expansion (NTE) materials by elemental substitution, which show large, isotropic and nonhysteretic NTE properties as well as relatively high electrical and thermal conductivities. In this paper, the La(Fe,Si)₁₃ hydrides are prepared by a novel electrolytic hydriding method. Furthermore, the thermal expansion and magnetic properties of La(Fe,Si)₁₃ hydrides are investigated by the variable‐temperature X‐ray diffraction and physical property measurement system. Fascinatingly, it is found that room‐temperature NTE properties and zero thermal expansion (ZTE) properties with broad operation‐temperature window (20–275 K) have been achieved after electrolytic hydriding. The further magnetic properties combined with theoretical analysis reveal that the improvements of NTE and ZTE properties in the La(Fe,Si)₁₃ hydrides are ascribed to the variations of magnetic exchange couplings after hydrogenation. The present results highlight the potential applications of La(Fe,Si)₁₃ hydrides with room‐temperature NTE and broad operation‐temperature window ZTE properties.     

3D Self‐Supported Fe‐Doped Ni2P Nanosheet Arrays as Bifunctional Catalysts for Overall Water Splitting

The development of highly efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for improving the efficiency of overall water splitting, but still remains challenging issue. Herein, 3D self‐supported Fe‐doped Ni₂P nanosheet arrays are synthesized on Ni foam by hydrothermal method followed by in situ phosphorization, which serve as bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting. The as‐synthesized (Ni_0.33Fe_0.67)₂P with moderate Fe doping shows an outstanding OER performance, which only requires an overpotential of ≈230 mV to reach 50 mA cm^?2 and is more efficient than the other Fe incorporated Ni₂P electrodes. In addition, the (Ni_0.33Fe_0.67)₂P exhibits excellent activity toward HER with a small overpotential of ≈214 mV to reach 50 mA cm^?2. Furthermore, an alkaline electrolyzer is measured using (Ni_0.33Fe_0.67)₂P electrodes as cathode and anode, respectively, which requires cell voltage of 1.49 V to reach 10 mA cm^?2 as well as shows excellent stability with good nanoarray construction. Such good performance is attributed to the high intrinsic activity and superaerophobic surface property.     

传声器阵列语音增强新方法与仿真实验

结合宽带LCMV语音增强和噪声自适应对消原理,提出了一种基于传声器阵列的多级自适应语音增强方法。在真实声学环境下构建实验模型并对语音信号进行采集,通过MATLAB仿真验证了算法。分析表明,该方法计算复杂度低,对语音信号损伤小,信号SNR提高显著。     

红外焦平面阵列非均匀性仿真技术研究

红外焦平面阵列非均匀性的建模和仿真,是红外成像系统仿真中很关键的一部分.根据红外焦平面阵列非均匀性产生的原因和特点,建立了基于空间相关性的探测器响应模型,较基于各探测元间是独立不相关假设下的响应模型更为科学客观.     

基于ZnO纳米线阵列和P3HT的混合光电二极管特性

为了发展低成本、大面积和高性能光电二极管,采用简单的化学浴沉积方法,在氧化铟锡(I TO) 玻璃基底上生长良好取向的ZnO纳米线阵列(ZNWA),然后在生长的ZNWA上旋涂规整的聚3-己 基噻吩(P3HT)层,形成结构为ITO/ZNWA/P3HT/Ag的光电二极管。系统研究了此光电二极管在 暗态和在太阳模拟器的光照下的电流-电压 (I-V)特性。实验结果表明,器件在暗态和光照下都表现出良好 的二极管特性。暗态下,在偏压±2V处的整流 率为3211, 理想因子为1.8、低开启电压为0.5V和反偏饱和电流为1．13×10－7 A。在20mW/cm²光照下,在偏压±2V处的整流率为39.1、开启电压为0.3V。器件中产生了大量的光生载流子,根据器件的能级结构图和光生载流子的 输运过程对此光电二极管的光响应机理进行了解释。     

可伐合金与玻璃一步封接工艺的研究

研究了玻璃与具有Fe3O4氧化膜的可伐合金的封接工艺。结果表明最佳熔封温度为980℃,熔封时间为30 min。在此基础上,开发出将脱碳、氧化和熔封集于一个升降温周期的一步封接工艺。该工艺是将未氧化的可伐合金和玻坯首先升温至500℃并氧化40 min,而后升温至980℃并保温30 min,最后缓慢降至室温。结果表明,当采用该工艺时,与传统工艺相比不仅能简化操作,而且封接件的封接质量更高、可靠性更好。