无机陶瓷膜处理的碱炼废水用于大豆油酶法脱胶

采用无机陶瓷膜过滤技术处理食用油脂加工的废水,并将处理后废水应用于油脂脱胶工艺中,通过单因素试验及正交试验确定油脂废水酶法脱胶的最优工艺条件:陶瓷膜处理后的碱炼水洗废水添加量2%,加酶量30 mg/kg,温度45℃,时间4 h,搅拌速度100 r/min。在最优工艺条件下进行脱胶试验,测定脱胶油中的磷含量为4.15 mg/kg,同时在表压300 kPa条件下,采用陶瓷膜处理后的碱炼水洗废水脱胶,加工大豆油可节省蒸汽消耗0.016吨/吨油。     

Characteristics of traditionally processed shea kernels and butter

The traditional production of shea butter requires a heat treatment of the nuts. This study compared the end products derived by two commonly used heat treatments, namely smoking and boiling followed by sun‐drying. Neither treatment influenced the moisture content of the kernels (8–10%), but the boiling treatment resulted in more free fatty acids (FFA) (6%) and a higher fat content (41%) of kernels. A sensory panel preferred shea butter from boiled kernels because of its soft texture and intense smell. This butter also had the highest values for moisture content (2%), unsaponifiable matter (7%), tocopherol compounds (125 mg g^?1), peroxide value (8 meq O₂ kg^?1), iodine value (53 mg I₂ 100 g^?1) and FFA (2%). Minor variations were noticed in the fatty acid profile. Aside from the use of butter from both boiled and smoked kernels in cosmetics, the butter from smoked kernels will be more suitable for food purposes.     

基于比边缘负荷理论的等距直齿磨片齿型参数设计的研究

直齿磨盘在制浆过程中应用十分广泛,但没有统一的设计方法。本课题在广泛研究现有直齿磨盘及前人研究的基础上,基于比边缘负荷理论（SEL）提出了等距直通齿磨盘及等距环形多级分区直齿磨盘的设计方法,对于直齿磨盘的参数化高效设计具有积极意义。     

精炼过程对茶籽油脂肪酸与挥发性物质的影响

采用气相色谱与气相色谱-质谱联用技术,分析精炼前后茶籽油中脂肪酸组成与挥发性风味物质成分。通过\     

胭脂萝卜籽油精炼与理化性质分析

以冷榨的胭脂萝卜籽毛油为原料,分别考察了不同因素对水化脱胶、碱炼脱酸、吸附脱色与加热真空脱臭等过程精炼效果的影响,并对油脂的理化性质进行了分析。结果表明:水化脱胶的条件为温度75℃、磷酸添加量0.4%、加水量5%,脱胶率为90.1%;碱炼脱酸的参数为碱炼初温40℃、碱液浓度16 °Bé、超碱量0.3%,脱酸率为93.7%;活性白土为脱色吸附剂,在添加量0.3%、温度80℃、时间50 min时,脱色率为83.5%;在170℃下加热真空脱臭1.5 h得到无气味的精炼油;精炼油的折光指数1.468±0.001、碘值(98.5±0.6)g/100 g、酸值0.28 mg KOH·g^-1等各项指标均符合二级菜籽油和萝卜籽油标准。     

Significant population structure in Australian Cryptolestes ferrugineus and interpreting the potential spread of phosphine resistance

An analysis of the population genetics of Cryptolestes ferrugineus, across all major regions in Australia where grain is grown and stored in bulk, provides an initial step in investigating the movement of these insects and implications for the spread of phosphine resistance. Microsatellite data revealed two levels of genetic structure. Across Australia, two clusters were detected, one in eastern Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania) and Western Australia (Cluster 1) and one in South Australia (Cluster 2). Intermediate between them, in eastern South Australia, are a couple of populations that are equally admixed for the two clusters. Populations in Western Australia and western SA belong to different clusters suggesting that the extensive and arid Nullarbor Plain restricts the natural dispersal of these beetles. Isolation-by-distance and the detection of clustering among local populations suggests there is considerable gene flow at a local scale in C. ferrugineus, and we infer this is by flight. Limited natural gene flow between eastern and western Australia might, in part, explain why extremely high resistance has not been detected in Western Australia.     

精炼对菜籽油品质的影响

菜籽油在精炼过程中,其理化指标和微量成分会发生变化,而这些变化对菜籽油的品质具有决定性的影响。取同一批次各精炼工序中的4种菜籽油(毛油、中和油、脱色油、脱臭油),对其进行分析测定,研究精炼对油脂品质的影响。结果表明:精炼后的菜籽油酸值、过氧化值、色泽、含磷量均下降;V_E、甾醇、多酚、角鲨烯含量显著降低,损失率分别为27.82%、25.34%、91.21%、79.69%;反式脂肪酸和3-氯丙醇含量变化不大。     

精炼工艺对椰子油品质的影响

研究了精炼工艺对椰子油品质的影响。分析了毛椰油、碱炼油、脱色油、脱臭油的理化指标、脂肪酸、甘油酯组成和脂肪伴随物(甾醇、生育酚、多酚)的变化情况。结果表明:精炼工艺使椰子油的酸值、过氧化值显著降低,脂肪酸和甘油酯组成无显著变化;总甾醇、总生育酚和多酚含量显著降低,损失率分别为63.77%、68.03%、71.20%。综上表明,精炼能够显著影响油脂品质,需注重油脂适度加工技术的应用。     

精炼大豆油返色返酸防止措施

精炼一级大豆油进成品油罐,再分流到灌装车间的小油罐,在等待灌装期间或灌装后出现返色返酸现象。分析大豆油返色返酸原因,基于此得出从精炼设备配置、操作参数调整、脱色吸附剂选取方面防止返色返酸。为了达到企业包装油内控标准酸价(KOH) 0. 08 mg/g和色泽Y10/R1. 3,精炼车间控制出油色泽在Y7/R0. 7、酸价(KOH)在0. 05 mg/g以下,基本上可满足市场消费者的需求。     

玉米油精炼过程氯离子含量变化及其对3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量的影响

对取自安徽、河北、山东等地玉米油加工厂的玉米油毛油、待脱臭油和成品油中的氯离子、3-氯丙醇（3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol,3-MCPD）酯和缩水甘油酯（glycidyl esters,GEs）含量进行检测,并在实验室明确可控的条件下对玉米毛油进行精炼,检测精炼过程氯离子、3-MCPD酯和GEs含量,与玉米油加工厂实际精炼过程的含量变化情况进行对比分析,研究玉米油精炼过程中氯离子含量变化及其对3-MCPD酯和GEs含量变化的影响。结果表明：所检测的所有玉米油样品中均含有氯离子、3-MCPD酯和GEs,其中毛油中氯离子含量最高,为0.628～2.029 mg/kg,毛油中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量分别为0.547～1.083 mg/kg和0.246～0.721 mg/kg;待脱臭玉米油中氯离子含量为0.110～0.374 mg/kg,较毛油中含量明显降低,3-MCPD酯和GEs含量分别为0.933～1.422 mg/kg和0.246～0.432 mg/kg,3-MCPD酯较毛油中含量有所升高,GEs含量变化不明显。脱臭油中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量分别为3.523～4.541 mg/kg和1.501～13.584 mg/kg,较待脱臭油中含量大幅升高,其中一个油样中含量分别增加3.5 倍和32.1 倍,同时该油样中氯离子含量的降幅也最大（0.287 mg/kg）。对实验室精炼过程及工厂精炼过程的玉米油样品检测分析显示,无论是实验室精炼还是工厂实际生产,氯离子含量均随精炼过程逐渐减少,其中降幅最大的是水化脱胶和碱炼脱酸工序（降幅为76.1%～81.3%）;3-MCPD酯和GEs在水化脱胶、碱炼脱酸及吸附脱色过程的含量变化不大,经脱臭后含量大幅升高,同时伴随脱臭过程氯离子含量的降低,并且氯离子含量降幅越大3-MCPD酯的升幅越高。研究结果明确了玉米油精炼过程氯离子和3-MCPD酯及GEs含量的变化规律,以及待脱臭玉米油中氯离子含量对脱臭油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量的影响,对玉米油精炼乃至其他植物油生产中3-MCPD酯和GEs的风险防范和控制都具有指导意义。