GC测定艾纳香叶中左旋龙脑、异龙脑、樟脑的不同预处理方法比较

比较了水蒸气蒸馏(HDSE)、同时蒸馏萃取(SDE)、溶剂浸提(SE)、超声辅助提取(UAE)、微波辅助提取(MAE)和超声-微波协同萃取(UMAE)作为预处理方法提取艾纳香叶中左旋龙脑、异龙脑和樟脑的效率,并联合气相色谱(GC)对三种化合物进行测定,通过方法学验证评价各方法的准确性和精密性。结果显示,UMAE是最快速的预处理方法,处理时间仅30 s。方法学验证显示六种预处理方法联合GC测定的精密性都满足要求,RSD小于3%。仅测定左旋龙脑时,六种预处理方法联合GC的准确性都达标(回收率86%~100%);若同时测定三种化合物时,仅HDSE-GC符合规定(回收率100%~105%)。利用HDSE-GC和UMAE-GC测定采收期内艾纳香叶,发现10月中旬至次年1月中旬的艾纳香叶中左旋龙脑含量较高,适合作为左旋龙脑的生产原料。为快速分析艾纳香叶的左旋龙脑含量及选择最适采收期提供可靠准确的数据支撑。     

HPLC-ELSD法测定新疆药桑叶中1-脱氧野尻霉素的含量

该研究采用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测(HPLC-ELSD)法测定新疆药桑叶中1-脱氧野尻霉素(1-DNJ)的含量,色谱柱为Waters XBridgeTM HILIC(2.1 mm×100 mm, 5 μm),乙腈-水(85∶15, V/V)为流动相,流速0.2 mL/min。结果表明,1-DNJ在1.2～12.0 μg/mL质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为98.25%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.16%。该方法快捷简便、结果可靠,可用于药桑叶中1-脱氧野尻霉素含量的分析检测。     

商业酿酒酵母发酵百香果果酒的品质及抗氧化性分析

以百香果为原料,选用安琪RW、安琪SY、帝伯仕、拉曼德、圣家5种商业酿酒酵母分别发酵百香果全果酒、果汁酒和果皮酒,分析不同百香果果酒的理化指标及感官品质变化,筛选最佳酿酒酵母及最佳发酵方式。结果表明,安琪酵母SY发酵的百香果果酒各项理化指标均优于其他4种酿酒酵母发酵的百香果果酒。3种果酒感官品质为全果酒>果汁酒>果皮酒。利用安琪酵母SY发酵的百香果全果酒品质优良,果酒酒精度为12.1%vol,可溶性固形物为4.1%,透光率为75.7%,总酸含量为5.7 g/L,总酚含量为0.57 mg/mL,总黄酮含量为0.42 mg/mL,感官评分为86.6分,果酒有一定的抗氧化活性,DPPH自由基清除率为78.6%,羟基自由基清除率为60.7%。     

Hazelnut Allergens: Molecular Characterization,Detection, and Clinical Relevance

In last few years, special attention has been given to food-induced allergies, in which hazelnut allergy is highlighted. Hazelnut is one of the most commonly consumed tree nuts, being largely used by the food industry in a variety of processed foods. It has been regarded as a food with potential health benefits, but also as a source of allergens capable of inducing mild to severe allergic reactions in sensitized individuals. Considering the great number of reports addressing hazelnut allergens, with an estimated increasing trend, this review intends to assemble all the relevant information available so far on the following main issues: prevalence of tree nut allergy, clinical threshold levels, molecular characterization of hazelnut allergens (Cor a 1, Cor a 2, Cor a 8, Cor a 9, Cor a 10, Cor a 11, Cor a 12, Cor a 14, and Cor a TLP) and their clinical relevance, and methodologies for detection of hazelnut allergens in foods. A comprehensive overview of the current data about the molecular characterization of hazelnut allergens is presented, relating to biochemical classification and biological function with clinical importance. Recent advances in hazelnut allergen detection methodologies are summarized and compared, including all the novel protein-based and DNA-based approaches.     

Antioxidant Properties of Cocoa Beans (Theobroma cacao L.): Influence of Cultivar and Roasting Conditions

Effects of various roasting conditions on antioxidant properties of five Theobroma cacao L. varieties were investigated. The cocoa beans were roasted at four different temperatures (110–150°C) and three different air humidities (0.3–5.0%). The raw cocoa beans were characterized by high antioxidant activities. The antioxidant properties of the roasted cocoa beans varied markedly among the analyzed cultivars and geographical regions and were affected by roasting conditions. Generally, cocoa beans of the cv. Forastero from Brazil exhibited higher total phenolic content, free radical scavenging activity, and metal chelating ability than samples of the other analyzed cocoa varieties. Roasting at 110°C caused negligible changes in total phenolics content and antioxidant activity of cocoa beans, while almost all samples tended to have lower antioxidant potential when roasting temperature increased. The air humidity used in roasting did not affect the total phenolics content and antioxidant activity for lowest roasting temperature (110°C). Moreover, the obtained results revealed that thermal processing at the higher temperatures and elevated air humidity resulted in the higher antioxidant capacities. It was also found that the ferrous ion chelating activity of cocoa beans increased with the roasting temperature (in the range from 110 to 150°C), with the exception of cv. Trinitario from Papua New Guinea. The data showed that roasting at lower temperatures with humid air are more favorable in terms of preserving the bioactivity of roasted cocoa beans.     

Effect of Freezing/Thawing Temperature on the Viscoelastic and Nutritional Qualities of Carrots

This study evaluated and correlated the viscoelastic and nutritional properties of carrots after freezing (–20, –70, and –196^oC) and thawing (4 and 18^oC) treatments. Results showed that all samples exhibited a solid behavior (storage modulus G′ > loss modulus G″) dominating the viscoelastic response. After treatments, G′, G″, hardness, fracturability, springiness, and chewiness of carrots significantly decreased, whereas loss tangent (Tanδ) increased. Compared with other treatments, fast freezing (–196^oC) and thawing (18^oC) better maintained G′, G″, hardness, and fracturability of carrots, and intermediate freezing (–70^oC) better retained springiness, cohesiveness, and chewiness. For nutritional parameters, fast freezing and thawing conditions also contributed to preserving the contents of carotenoids of carrots. Partial least squares regression analysis revealed that β- and α-carotene, lycopene, and soluble sugars were positively correlated with hardness, fracturability, G′, and G″, and negatively with Tanδ in carrots. The variation of viscoelastic parameters could well predict the changes at nutritional levels.     

白肉番石榴总黄酮提取工艺优化及体外抗氧化活性分析

对白肉番石榴中总黄酮的提取工艺进行优化,并研究其体外的抗氧化活性。以珍珠番石榴(白肉)的叶、皮为原料,在单因素实验的基础上,以总黄酮提取量为指标,采用正交试验优化获得了番石榴叶、皮中总黄酮的提取工艺。在此基础上提取番石榴果肉中的总黄酮,然后比较番石榴叶、皮、果肉中黄酮的体外抗氧化作用。结果表明,番石榴叶、皮的总黄酮的最优提取工艺略有差异。番石榴叶总黄酮的提取最优工艺为:乙醇浓度50%,提取温度65 ℃,料液比1:20 (g/mL),提取时间135 min。番石榴皮总黄酮提取最优工艺为:乙醇浓度60%,提取温度45 ℃,料液比1:7 (g/mL),提取时间105 min。在最优条件下番石榴叶、皮总黄酮的提取量分别为(188.66±0.23)、(48.03±0.16) mg/g。番石榴叶、皮、果肉总黄酮在ABTS自由基及羟基自由基清除实验、铁还原力及总抗氧化力测定分析中显示良好的抗氧化活性,其中番石榴叶总黄酮的体外抗氧化能力最强。由此说明番石榴黄酮有望成为一种良好的天然抗氧化剂。     

基于气相离子迁移谱分析不同贮藏条件下番荔枝的风味变化

采用GC-IMS技术,对25℃、4℃、保鲜剂(1-MCP、SNP)处理下番荔枝不同贮藏时间内挥发性成分进行测定,根据指纹图谱及PCA分析获得最佳保鲜方法。结果表明,在25℃条件下,番荔枝随着贮藏时间延长,挥发性成分明显增加,其主要挥发性成分为丙醇、戊醛、2,3-乙酰基丙酮等;在4℃条件下采用,1-MCP和SNP两种保鲜剂处理,实验组与对照组(25℃)之间的风味差异较大,直接4℃处理效果不如加入保鲜剂后的效果好,其中1-MCP处理对维持番荔枝果实风味更佳,主要风味物质为丁二酮、苯甲醛、正丁醛、丙酸乙酯等。该结论为番荔枝的贮藏保鲜提供一定的理论基础。     

新疆药桑叶醇提物3种活性初步研究

研究新疆药桑叶醇提物的生物活性。以80%乙醇于30℃环境下浸提药桑叶粗粉,浸提液减压浓缩后依次用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取,浓缩至干,分别得到石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相和水相。用Hela细胞为肿瘤模型,以MTT法研究各萃取物的抗肿瘤活性;用对DPPH自由基清除率评价各萃取相的抗氧化活性;用体外α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制模型探究各萃取相的降血糖活性。抗肿瘤能力按照由强到弱为:乙酸乙酯相>正丁醇相>水相。各相均有一定的抗氧化能力,抗氧化能力由强到弱:乙酸乙酯相>正丁醇相>石油醚相>水相。降血糖活性表现为:乙酸乙酯相>正丁醇相>水相>石油醚相。药桑叶醇提物具有较好的生物活性,其中乙酸乙酯相具有良好的抗肿瘤、抗氧化和降血糖活性。