探索MOCVD法制备TiO2薄膜的最佳反应条件

用低压金属有机化合物化学气相沉积 (MOCVD法 ),以四异丙纯钛 (TTIP)为源物质,高纯氮气作为载气,氧气为反应气体,制备出了 TiO2薄膜。分析出了沉积温度、氧气流量等因素对沉积速率的影响。发现在不同反应条件下 TiO2薄膜生长行为受动力学控制或受扩散控制,为制备优质 TiO2薄膜提供了依据。     

Transport consistent diffusion coefficient for CMFD acceleration and comparison of convergence properties

A diffusion coefficient for the coarse mesh finite difference (CMFD) acceleration is derived from the semi-analytic solution of one-group, one-dimensional, even-parity transport equation. The derived diffusion coefficient, i.e., the transport consistent diffusion coefficient (TCD), depends on the optical length of a mesh and shows similar behavior with the artificial grid diffusion (AGD) and the effective diffusion (EffD) coefficients for an optically thick mesh. Convergence properties of typical diffusion coefficients are evaluated using the linearized Fourier analysis. Analyses of the C5G7 3D benchmark problems with and without voided region are carried out to compare the convergence properties. The number of transport sweeps to reach convergence using TCD is smaller than that using EffD or AGD.     

Convergence analysis of MOC inner iterations with large negative self-scattering cross-section

When the transport correction is applied to the total cross-section, the self-scattering cross-section could have a negative value in order to preserve the balance of partial cross-sections. The negative self-scattering cross-section may lead to a negative impact on the convergence behavior for the method of characteristics (MOC), especially in a problem with large moderator regions containing hydrogen. In order to address this issue, the spectral radius of the inner iteration of MOC is theoretically estimated for various self-scattering cross-sections. It is found that the spectral radius of the inner iteration of MOC could exceed unity for a large negative self-scattering cross-section, which results in numerical divergence. A countermeasure for the divergence using the successive over relaxation method is also discussed in this paper.     

基于MOC3083的品闸管触发电路设计

介绍了一种基于MOC3083为核心应用于660V及以下电力系统的晶闸管触发电路，并详细介绍了其硬件结构。具有高度集成、智能化、体积小等优点。测试表明，该设计方法能够满足660V故以下电力系统品闸管触发的要求。     

Design and application of MTR fuel assemblies in new proposed inverted mode

MTR fuel is one of the most used fuel types in research reactors. Loading high positive excess reactivity enables a research reactor to be in service for an extended period of time without refueling. This in turn ends up to asymmetric burn up distribution in axial direction. Minor modifications in present standard fuel assembly design allow use of each fuel assembly in dual directions along vertical axis. Thus, a smoother axial burn up distribution can be achieved. Detailed calculations showed a real improvement in neutron economy and extra positive reactivity is gained.     

Verification of the Theoretical Model for Analyzing Dynamic Behavior of the PIG from Actual Pigging

This paper deals with verification of the theoretical model for dynamic behavior of Pipeline Inspection Gauge (PIG) traveling through high pressure natural gas pipeline. The dynamic behavior of the PIG depends on the differential pressure across its body. This differential pressure is generated by injected gas flow behind the tail of the PIG and expelled gas flow in front of its nose. To analyze the dynamic behavior characteristics such as gas flow in pipeline, and the PIG position and velocity, not only the mathematical models are derived, but also the theoretical models must be certified by actual pigging experiment. But there is not any found results of research on the experimental certification for dynamic behavior of the PIG. The reason is why the fabrication of the PIG as well as, a field application are very difficult. In this research, the effectiveness of the introduced solution using the method of characteristics (MOC) was certified through field application. In-line inspection tool, 30” geometry PIG, was fabricated and actual pigging was carried out at the pipeline segment in Korea Gas Corporation (KOGAS) high pressure system, Incheon LT(LNG Terminal) -Namdong GS(Governor Station) line. Pigging is fulfilled successfully. Comparison of simulation results with experimental results show that the derived mathematical models and the proposed computational schemes are effective for predicting the position and velocity of the PIG with a given operational conditions of pipeline.     

Coagulation process for tannery industry effluent treatment using Moringa oleifera seeds protein: Kinetic study,pH effect on floc characteristics and design of a thickener unit

The kinetics of coagulation process for turbidity removal from tannery industry effluent using NaCl solution extracted Moringa oleifera protein is reported here. The effect of initial pH of effluent on floc size and strength was analysed. Floc size decrease with increase in velocity gradient and hierarchy of floc size exponent at different pH was: acidic > neutral > basic. It was observed based on the half-life period data that the process follows a second-order kinetic model with 0.000862 (L/mg min) as the rate constant. The Talmadge–Fitch method is used to analyse batch sedimentation data for the calculation of area for the clarifier-thickener unit to treat 5 m³/h of tannery wastewater.     

水力过渡过程中坝后式水电站流道压力空间分布特性

为了保证水电站运行安全,有效控制水力过渡过程中坝后式水电站流道压力变化,必须明确水力过渡过程中流道的三维压力分布特性。为此,以三峡右岸水电站这一典型的坝后式水电站为研究对象,对水力过渡过程中流道三维空间压力分布特性进行研究。结果显示,当导叶采用三段折线式关闭规律在额定工况下甩全部负荷时,水电站流道不同区域的压力瞬变规律具有不同的特征,同一过水断面上不同位置瞬时压力差值较大,特别在活动导叶外缘断面、转轮出口断面及尾水管肘管段出口断面,其同一时刻最大压力和最小压力的最大差值达393.207%。研究结果表明,对引水道短、断面面积大的水电站,采用三维数值模拟较传统一维特征线法更能反映水力过渡过程中流道的压力瞬变特性,为水电站的安全运行提供更好的保障。     

Sensitivity of the Indian Ocean circulation to phytoplankton forcing using an ocean model

Most ocean general circulation models (OGCMs) do not take into account the effect of space- and time-varying phytoplankton on solar radiation penetration, or do it in a simplistic way using a constant attenuation depth, even though one-dimensional experiments have shown potential significant effect of phytoplankton on mixed-layer dynamics. Since some ocean basins are biologically active, it is necessary for an OGCM to take water turbidity into account, even if it is not coupled with a biological model. Sensitivity experiments carried out with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) OGCM with spatially and temporally-varying pigment concentration from Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) data during 1998-2003 reveal the effect of ocean turbidity on tropical Indian Ocean circulation. Variations of light-absorbing phytoplankton pigments change the vertical distribution of solar heating in the mixed layer, thereby affecting upper-ocean circulation. A simulation was performed from 1948 to 2003 with a constant minimum pigment concentration of 0.02 mg m^− 3 while another simulation was performed from September 1997 to December 2003 with variable pigment concentration, and the differences between these two simulations allow us to quantify the effects of phytoplankton on solar radiation penetration in the ocean model. Model results from a period of 6 years (1998-2003) show large seasonal variability in the strength of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC), meridional heat transports (MHT), and equatorial under current (EUC). The MOC mass transport changes by 2 to 5 Sv (1 Sv = 10⁶ m³ s^− 1) between boreal winter (January) and boreal summer (July), with a corresponding change in the MHT of ∼ 0.05 PW (1 PW = 10¹⁵ W) in boreal winter, which is close to the expected change associated with a significant climate change [Shell, K., Frouin, R., Nakamoto, S., & Somerville, R.C.J. (2003): Atmospheric response to solar radiation absorbed by phytoplankton. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(D15), 4445. doi:10.1029/2003JD003440.]. In addition, changes in phytoplankton pigments concentration are associated with a reduction in the EUC by ∼ 3 cm s^− 1. We discuss the possible physical mechanisms behind this variability, and the necessity of including phytoplankton forcing in the OGCM.     

On the solution of population balance equations (PBE) with accurate front tracking methods in practical crystallization processes

The PBE (population balance equation) containing birth, growth, agglomeration and breakage kinetics is described by a conservation law with a moving source term. For the solution of the PBE, we compare two accurate front tracking methods such as a modified method of characteristics (MOC) and a finite difference method with the weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme. Both methods are applied to a potassium sulfate crystallization problem (K₂SO₄-H₂O system) with a discontinuous initial condition. Parameters of agglomeration and breakage kinetics are estimated on the basis of the experimental data of the K₂SO₄-H₂O system.Owing to moving axis along a crystal growth rate (i.e. elimination of the growth term), the modified MOC is able to provide a highly accurate solution even at discontinuous points without numerical diffusion error. However, in the case of stiff nucleation which can commonly appear in practical crystallization processes, it is necessary to adaptively determine time levels to add a mesh of the nuclei size. For solving PBEs involving agglomeration and breakage terms, the MOC can take more long computational time than the spatial discretization methods like the WENO scheme. It is pointed out that the MOC is not available to solve more than two coupled PBEs in general.WENO schemes for spatial discretization are firstly addressed in this study for the dynamic simulation of batch crystallization processes. The WENO schemes show improvements of accuracy and stability over conventional discretization methods (e.g., backward, central or common upwinding schemes). However the WENO schemes on fixed meshes show, to some extent, the numerical diffusion error near discontinuities or steep moving fronts like other finite difference methods. Hence, they require spatially-adaptive mesh techniques in order to track more accurately the moving fronts. Even though the WENO schemes are less accurate than the MOC, they are of practical use for solving complex PBEs owing to a short computational time and little limitation to use.